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Ankle fractures
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Oliver Chan, Anthony Sakellariou
The ankle joint can be thought of as a “ring” structure (three bones connected to three ligament complexes) (Figure 15.2), which holds the talus securely in anatomical alignment beneath the tibial plafond when bearing weight. If this “ring” is broken at one site only, it will remain stable. Two or more disruptions to the ring structure, whether bony or ligamentous, can result in instability and movement of these bones relative to one another.
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The ankle and foot contain many bones and joints, giving the region high mobility. As the first point of contact between the body and the ground, this flexible segment enables the individual to adapt easily to changes in terrain. The bones of the ankle joint are those of the distal part of the leg – the tibia and fibula – and the talus. The 26 bones of the foot are the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and the 3 cuneiforms – these are the tarsal bones – plus the 5 metatarsal bones and the 14 phalanges (Figure 5).
Pathoanatomy of congenital clubfoot
Published in R. L. Mittal, Clubfoot, 2018
To summarize, the typical anatomy of the ankle and foot has been discussed first, because it is essential to know the normal before you can understand the complicated pathoanatomy. The ankle joint was discussed first, with its structural anatomy and movements. In the foot, the bones, joints with their capsules and ligaments, and various movements of the joints were discussed, in addition to their muscles, tendons with their compartments, aponeurosis, and the arches of the foot. It is extremely important to understand the various planes and axes of movements of the foot and ankle. The axis of a particular movement is at a right angle to its plane. The foot has a three-dimensional morphology and movements also occur in three dimensions. You may walk in any type of ground: horizontal, vertical, oblique, or uneven in various planes and the foot will adjust to it by coupling the movements. All this has been explained by a simple table (Table 4.1) and innovative photographs of different planes and their axes (Figure 4.1).
Active ankle position sense and single-leg balance in runners versus non-runners
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Brian Huynh, Ryan Tacker, You-Jou Hung
Ankle sprain is one of the most common orthopedic injuries. Based on the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data base, an estimated 3,140,132 ankle sprains occurred in the United States between 2002 and 2006 (Waterman et al., 2010). Ankle sprain is also very common in collegiate athletes of various sports, accounting for 15–45% of all sport related injuries (Farrer, Franck, Paillard, and Jeannerod, 2003; Francis et al., 2019; Hootman, Dick, and Agel, 2007; Kannus and Renstrom, 1991). Ankle sprains often occur due to an acute trauma (e.g. landing on an uneven surface with one foot), resulting in compromised structural and functional integrity of the tissues surrounding the ankle joint. After an injury, impaired mechanical restraints and muscle weakness may be present at the ankle joint. Moreover, overstretched ligaments and joint capsules can compromise ankle position sense with less sensitive mechanoreceptors and further hamper ankle stability (Akbari, Karimi, Farahini, and Faghihzadeh, 2006; Arnold, De La Motte, Linens, and Ross, 2009; de Noronha, Refshauge, Kilbreath, and Crosbie, 2007; Freeman, Dean, and Hanham, 1965; Fu and Hui-Chan, 2005; Hung, 2015). Without effective ankle position sense, individuals may not be able to position the ankle joint in a stable position prior to an impact or respond to external perturbations in a timely fashion. As a result, about 73% of the individuals who have sprained their ankles before are likely to experience recurrent injuries and ankle instability (Hung, 2015; Yeung, Chan, So, and Yuan, 1994Yeung, Chan, and So).
Effects of range of motion exercise of the metatarsophalangeal joint from 2-weeks after joint-preserving rheumatoid forefoot surgery
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Makoto Hirao, Hideki Tsuboi, Naotaka Tazaki, Kohei Kushimoto, Kosuke Ebina, Hideki Yoshikawa, Jun Hashimoto
The effects of early ROM exercise were also seen in clinical outcomes. The pain score and ROM indices of the JSSF lesser toe scale were significantly improved (Table 3). The maximum distance of continuous walking seemed longer (Table 3). Increased ROM of the MTP joint at the terminal stance phase induced by ROM exercise from 2-weeks after surgery was considered to contribute to reducing the pain during gait, while at the same time increasing the continuous gait distance. In the future, the effect of the exercise on the score of the self-administered foot evaluation questionnaire (SAFE-Q) [26], including ‘standing on toe’-related indices, should also be assessed. Furthermore, extension angle of 2nd MTP joint at terminal stance phase is thought to be influenced by ankle joint function in walking. So, condition of ankle joint also should be discussed in the next step. In addition, condition of forefoot in the unaffected side should also have some influences on walking function. Current study includes small number of cases, so although there was no difference of the forefoot condition in unaffected side between two groups (Table 1), some difference of function (maximum distance of continuous walking, extension angle of 2nd MTP joint at terminal stance phase) would occur with more increased number of cases.
Walking speed is not the best outcome to evaluate the effect of robotic assisted gait training in people with motor incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review with meta-analysis
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Ana Valeria Aguirre-Güemez, Aberto Isaac Pérez-Sanpablo, Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo, Ramiro Pérez-Zavala, Aída Barrera-Ortiz
Finally, results showed a moderate benefit in the improvement of strength, favouring the RAGT intervention. Reduction of guiding force as training progresses could be responsible for this result. As the guidance force diminishes, the subject must improve its lower limbs’ strength in order to perform the right movements. However, this improvement of strength does not transfer to gait speed because no RAGT trains ankle plantar flexors. Biomechanically, gait velocity is determined by the conversion of potential energy of the centre of mass (CoM) into kinetic energy and calf muscles determine this amount of energy. Ankle joint is also critical for propulsion, shock absorption, and balance during walking.49 Also, an improvement exclusively on body biomechanics does not result automatically on an improvement in motor performance if the neurological system cannot take advantage of it.50