China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Chouke (1927) uses “adductor hallucis accessorius” to refer to a trigastric supernumerary muscle that has some similarities with the accessory long flexors of the calf. Adductor hallucis accessorius originated as a fleshy belly (first belly) from the medial margin of the tibia below the origin of flexor digitorum longus, about three inches above the medial malleolus. It also had an origin from the deep fascia of the leg. The muscle coursed superficial to the tibial nerve and became tendinous at the level of the medial malleolus. The tendon passed under the flexor retinaculum medial to the synovial sheath of the flexor hallucis longus tendon and posterior to the tibial nerve. The tendon then received a fleshy bundle (second belly) from the posterior portion of the medial surface of the calcaneus that originated from under the origin of abductor hallucis. In the sole of the foot, adductor hallucis accessorius became tendinous again and passed to the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform. At this point, it became fleshy again (third belly) and joined with the oblique head of adductor hallucis just before its insertion.
Inferior heel pain
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Dishan Singh, Shelain Patel, Karan Malhotra
The plantar fascia originates from the plantar tuberosity of the calcaneus with a contribution of fibres from the gastrocnemius-soleus complex of the calf. As seen in Figure 10.9, it splits into three thick fibrous bands (lateral, central and medial) that extend distally. The term plantar aponeurosis is used in some texts interchangeably with plantar fascia whilst other texts refer to only the central band as the aponeurosis. The lateral band is known as the calcaneo-metatarsal ligament and inserts onto the base of the fifth metatarsal covering the plantar aspect of the abductor digiti quinti. The central band is the thickest and strongest band and arises from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity posterior and superficial to the origin of the flexor digitorum brevis. It divides near the metatarsal heads into five processes (one for each toe), which each has a superficial and deep layer. The superficial layer inserts into the skin of the transverse groove to separate the toes from the sole. The deeper layer divides into two slips which attach either side of their respective toe flexor tendon sheath. The medial band covers the plantar aspect of the adductor hallucis and blends with the dorsomedial fascia of the foot. The primary function of the plantar fascia is to maintain the medial longitudinal arch and the windlass mechanism where extension of the metatarsophalangeal joints leads to hindfoot inversion.
Pes Cavus
Published in K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla, 100 Short Cases for the MRCP, 2020
K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla
The intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot run along the longitudinal arch of the foot. The short muscles of the foot are particularly responsible for the maintenance of the arch and any dysfunction of these muscles may be associated with a deformity such as pes cavus. The transverse arch of the foot is maintained by the transverse head of the adductor hallucis and by its oblique head. Increased height of the longitudinal arch commonly associated with dorsal contracture of the metatarsophalangeal joints results in pes cavus. In most cases, pes cavus is not associated with other neurological conditions but an association is present with Freidreich's ataxia, peroneal muscular atropy, syringomyelia and spina bifida.
Impact of combining medial capsule interposition with modified scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Kosuke Ebina, Makoto Hirao, Hideki Tsuboi, Shoichi Kaneshiro, Masataka Nishikawa, Atsushi Goshima, Takaaki Noguchi, Hiroyuki Nakaya, Yuki Etani, Akira Miyama, Kenji Takami, Jun Hashimoto, Hideki Yoshikawa
Patients were treated by modified scarf osteotomy of the hallux with the medial longitudinal approach, as previously described [9,13]. A longitudinal incision was made in the medial aspect of the first metatarsal (Figure 2(a)), and the medial capsule was opened with a 10-mm-wide and 40-mm-long flap (Figure 2(b)). The osteotomy was parallel to the sole of the foot, and both distal and proximal bone fragments were partially resected owing to the measurements on pre-operative radiographs (Figure 2(c)). The distal bone fragment was laterally shifted and then fixed with 3 or 4 AcuTwist® Acutrak® 2.0-mm headless compression screws (Acumed USA, Hillsboro, OR) (Figure 2(d)). Next, a longitudinal dorsal incision (about 20 mm) was made between the first and second metatarsals. The adductor hallucis tendon was dissected from the base of the hallux proximal phalanx, and marked by 3-0 PDS suture to avoid its shortening (Figure 3(a)). The capsule between the first metatarsal and the lateral sesamoid was split longitudinally from the proximal phalanx to the middle of the first metatarsal shaft [9]. The medial eminence of the first metatarsal head was minimally excised, and a capsule hole was made in the lateral side of the hallux MTP joint (Figure 3(b)). Next, when performing interposition, the flap of the capsule was interposed into the hallux MTP joint (Figure 3(c)), and it was then sutured to the adductor hallucis tendon that was dissected from the hallux proximal phalanx (Figure 3(d)). Finally, the medial capsule was sutured after some shrinkage due to the interposition of the 10-mm-wide flap into the hallux MTP joint, with the expectation of producing the force needed for varus directions of the hallux [7–9]. When not performing interposition, the medial capsule flap was sutured to the remaining capsule or periosteum with appropriate traction, and the dissected adductor hallucis tendon was detached or sutured to the lateral capsule of the hallux.