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Clinical Examination in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Selvakumar Ambika, Krishnakumar Padmalakshmi
Ductions are monocular eye movements. Medial movement of eye is termed as adduction, lateral is—abduction, upward—elevation/supraduction, downward-depression/infraduction. Vergences are binocular eye movements, which may be convergence or divergence. Convergence is tested by asking the patient to look at an accommodative target as it is brought closer to the nose and is associated with physiological constriction of pupils. Disorders of midbrain and Parkinson's disease can cause convergence insufficiency.
Inferior oblique muscle function : correlation between scleral insertions of inferior, lateral recti and inferior oblique muscles and clinical function of inferior oblique muscle.
Published in Jan-Tjeerd de Faber, 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
D. Denis, E. Hadjadj, J. Conrath, C. Benso
Primary hyperfunction of the inferior oblique muscle causes elevation of the non-fixing eye in adduction. The goal of this work was to measure the position of the scleral insertion of the inferior oblique muscle compared with those of the lateral and inferior recti muscles and to assess if these measures were correlated to clinical hyperfunction.
The Anatomy of Joints Related to Function
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
This chapter follows proper anatomic practice and refers all spatial relationships and movements to the “anatomic position”: erect stance, feet together, head level with eyes to the front, upper limbs by the sides with forearms supinated, and digits extended. Adduction-abduction movements of the digits are described relative to the long axes of the hand (running through the middle or long finger) and foot (through the second toe). Referring to ankle movements as dorsifiexion (true extension) and plantar flexion (true flexion) avoids any risk of confusion here. It is almost impossible to avoid confusion in naming movements within the foot. The convention adopted here seems to have widest acceptance among podiatrists and others specializing in this region. All tri-planar motions occurring in the tarsus are called either supination (pointing the sole medially and raising its medial border) or pronation (lowering the medial border and pointing the sole laterally); other terms have been avoided. To those adhering to the traditional (and anatomically still preferred) nomenclature, supination here is the same movement as your inversion, and the author’s pronation is your eversion.
Typical Development of Finger Position Sense From Late Childhood to Adolescence
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Jinseok Oh, Arash Mahnan, Jiapeng Xu, Hannah J. Block, Jürgen Konczak
A different limitation of the current test is that it only examines finger position with respect to the abduction/adduction of the finger and not for finger flexion/extension – a degree of freedom with a larger range of motion. There is evidence that different degrees-of-freedom (DoF) of a joint exhibit difference in proprioceptive acuity or sensitivity. For example, wrist position sense acuity is anisotropic with the abduction/adduction DoF having a higher acuity than flexion/extension (Marini et al., 2016). Such higher acuity is associated with a higher mechanoreceptor density in abductor/adductor muscle and is thought to reflect differences in function and required feedback resolution (Hagert et al., 2005). It is known that finger flexion/extension is critical for grasping while abduction/adduction movements are crucial for fine motor skills such as the precision grip (e.g. pinching between the thumb and index finger). Thus, these differences in function may be also associated with differences in proprioceptive acuity.
Analysis of foot kinematics during toe walking in able-bodied individuals using the Oxford Foot Model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Wonhee Lee, Beomki Yoo, Dongho Park, Juntaek Hong, Dain Shim, Joongon Choi, Dong-wook Rha
Forefoot movements such as inversion and adduction are related to the midtarsal joint. During the late stance phase of normal heel-toe walking, the heel of the stance phase limb is off the floor as it is during toe walking. Then, nonparallel midtarsal joint axes in the foot lock the joint to stiffen the foot for an effective push-off (Hsu et al. 2008). Because the midtarsal joint is also locked during toe walking, there could be no difference in forefoot adduction between HW, CTW, and MTW. In contrast, one previous study reported that dynamic stiffness of midtarsal joint during push-off was not stiffer than in midstance phase (Sanchis-Sales et al., 2016). However, the study recruited only four non-disabled men and showed diverse results among subjects. Therefore, further study is needed to clarify the change in dynamic stiffness in the midtarsal joint during walking.
Proximal-to-Distal Sequences of Attack and Release Movements of Expert Pianists during Pressed-Staccato Keystrokes
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Felipe Verdugo, Mickaël Begon, Sylvie Gibet, Marcelo M. Wanderley
Compared to struck touch, where the hand can be freely lifted over the keyboard before the attack, pressed touch imposes greater spatiotemporal constraints because the fingertip must remain in contact with the key before initiating the attack. Pressed touch is however an important feature of piano performance, as it facilitates sound control by generating a smoother key-descent acceleration than struck touch (Goebl et al., 2005). Despite greater spatiotemporal constraints of pressed touch before the attack, we found PDS of shoulder extension, elbow extension, and wrist flexion during the key-attack motion chain as in the case of struck touch reported in Furuya and Kinoshita (2007) (when these movements were performed, they practically always showed PDS). In addition, we found that when performed, shoulder adduction also preceded elbow extension. This indicates that potential interactions between shoulder, elbow, and wrist movements before the attack could involve not only shoulder extension, as shown by Furuya and Kinoshita (2007), but a complex downward anticipatory swing including simultaneously shoulder extension and adduction.