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HIV and AIDS
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Prevention efforts have focused on these risk factors and from the beginning, prevention programs in IDUs have been community-based, using mobile vans, storefronts and street corners to directly reach known at-risk populations and connect them to prevention programs, HIV testing, and care and treatment services. Needle and syringe programs that provide or exchange sterile equipment have been consistently shown to be highly effective at reducing new HIV infections, often also providing counseling, safer-sex education, HIV testing and referrals to drug treatment programs. The first comprehensive needle exchange programs were established in North America in 1988. Despite their proven success, there has never been consistent federal funding for needle/syringe supply programs so their distribution is inconsistent, based on state funding and community support.137 Medication-assisted addiction treatment programs where drugs like methadone are substituted for opioids are effective treatment for drug dependence, eliminating risk behaviors associated with injection drug use and preventing HIV transmission. IDUs who do not enter addiction treatment programs are up to 6 times more likely to become infected with HIV. Again, funding is a critical deterrent to access to treatment for drug dependence.138 HIV infection in IDUs is an ongoing problem: with the recent dramatic increase in opioid abuse in the United States, there have been community outbreaks of HIV infection related to injection of these drugs.139
Consciousness, Sleep and Hypnosis, Meditation, and Psychoactive Drugs
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs that are anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and used as muscle relaxants. Benzodiazepines enhance GABA transmission and produce a marked anxiolytic and euphoriant effect. All benzodiazepines have similar effects and are distinguished by their length of action: short-acting (e.g., temazepam, oxazepam), medium-acting (e.g., lorazepam, alprazolam), long-acting (e.g., diazepam, nitrazepam, chlordiazepoxide). Benzodiazepines are usually taken orally, or less commonly by injection. Tolerance develops rapidly to benzodiazepine, with cross-tolerance to the whole group. Long-term use results in drug dependence. When stopped, withdrawal symptoms are experienced, and these can be complicated by seizures and delirium.
Glossary of Terms for Opioids and Opioid-Containing Analgesic Medication in the Management of Chronic Intractable Pain
Published in Michael S. Margoles, Richard Weiner, Chronic PAIN, 2019
This is also true for some chronic pain patients who may be taking a therapeutic dose of a medication such as 10–20 mg of Valium® per day or three to four Tylenol® and codeine tablets per day. After suddenly stopping the medication, they may experience mild chills, mild “shakes” and nervousness, and a flare-up of the pain that was suppressed by the narcotic and/or narcotic-containing analgesic they were taking. They do not experience the typical drug dependence syndrome abstinence symptoms of craving the drug, recidivism, convulsions, flushing, fast heart rate, fever, nausea, vomiting and retching, intestinal spasm, spontaneous orgasm, and other characteristic occurrences once the medication is stopped.
Drug dependence as a split object: Trajectories of neuroscientification and behavioralization at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
According to a leading German textbook on the treatment of drug dependence (Täschner et al. 2010, 59, 61, 123), it can be seen as “a disease of the brain” in which the neurotransmitter dopamine acts as a form of “behavioral reinforcement” that is best treated with “behavior therapy.” One of the editors of the textbook was the influential German addiction therapist Gerhard Bühringer, who began his career at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPIP) in Munich. The description of drug dependence—or drug addiction, another common term—as a neuronal disorder and at the same time as a field of application for behavior therapy (or cognitive-behavioral approaches) can be seen as typical for the German-speaking context today; it dominates textbooks, scientific discourses, and practices. Yet how did the ontological concept of addiction as a brain disease and behavioral problem emerge in the German-speaking world? And what role did the MPIP play in this epistemic context?
Structured Relapse Prevention Program for Chinese Patients in Hong Kong with Comorbidity of Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders: A Feasibility Study
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2020
Chris K.H. Ngai, Cynthia S.T. Wu, Lorna K.P. Suen
Relapse prevention strategies aim to combat drug dependence by inducing changes in one’s behavior, increasing motivation to stop or reduce drug use, teaching coping skills, and enhancing social support and functioning (Kleber 2007). A review of 59 studies summarized numerous psychosocial interventions for relapse prevention among people with dual diagnosis, such as motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, case management, and skills training. However, many studies suffer from small sample size, high attrition rates, short follow-up periods, and inadequate description of treatment protocols (Horsfall et al. 2009). Therefore, effective interventions for people with SUD must be developed for people with dual diagnosis. MI is an evidence-based innovation that deals with substance misuse comorbid with psychotic disorders (Martino et al. 2002). Its treatment effect is enhanced when combined with other treatment approaches, such as cognitive therapy, relapse prevention, family interventions, social skills training, and urinalysis contingency management (Barrowclough et al. 2010; Bellack et al. 2006).
Potential effect of opium addiction on lipid profile and blood glucose concentration in type 2 diabetic patients in Iran
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Somaye Sadat Hoseini, Seyed Alireza Saadatjoo, Samaneh Nakhaee, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Maryam Rezaie, Omid Mehrpour
One of the major problems of various communities is drug-dependence disorders. Considering the causes of tendency of drug use is among the necessities important in controlling drug-dependence. Incentives such as pleasure, entertainment, recreation, chronic pain, friend’s interference, abundance of substance, reduction of anxiety, evasion of responsibility, being careless of environmental stress, etc. are common among drug users. Another motif among people, especially for people with a history of familial diabetes and cardiovascular disease, or patients affected with the disease, is a belief on the effect of opium on blood glucose and lipid levels and the reduction of cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus (Esmaeili, Khodadadi, & Sayadi, 2004).