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Alcohol Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy of Alcoholism
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Aman Upaganlawar, Sindhu Ramesh, Ellery Jones, Vishnu Suppiramaniam, Timothy Moore, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
Tolerance is the diminished social, behavioral, or physiological response to the corresponding dose of ethanol because of repeated use and characterized by downregulation of receptors. Acute tolerance is noted soon after alcohol intake (Tabakoff et al., 1986). Chronic tolerance occurs in long term and characterized by alterations in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Physical dependence is established by how the body experiences physiological adaptation of withdrawal syndrome on alcohol termination. Psychological dependence is characterized by craving and drug-seeking behavior (Baconi et al., 2015). The molecular mechanisms involved in tolerance and dependence include changes in synaptic and intracellular signaling due to changes in gene expression. Chronic actions of alcohol comprise alterations in glutamate and GABA receptor neurotransmitter signaling and downstream signaling pathways. For instance, hyperactivation of NMDA-receptors in chronic alcoholics attribute to the CNS hyper excitability and neurotoxicity during ethanol withdrawal (Becker and Redmond, 2002).
Characteristics Of Dependence On And Abuse Of Psychoactive Drugs
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Depressants — Physical dependence does not occur following chronic administration of the following depressants; phenothiazines, inorganic bromides, and bromide contain organic sedatives or antihistamines. Psychological dependence is also weak or nonexistent. Consequently, the dependence potential of these substances is low and abuse is uncommon.
Pain management
Published in David B Cooper, Care in Mental Health—Substance Use, 2019
Peter Athanasos, Rose Neild, Charlotte de Crespigny, Lynette Cusack
Psychological dependence is when someone has been continually exposed to a drug and upon cessation of the drug the person experiences psychological withdrawal. The person desires the drug and is preoccupied with thoughts of acquiring the drug. It may or may not be accompanied by the physical signs of withdrawal. Another definition (as well as another way to describe addiction) is the compulsion to use a drug despite knowledge that it is harmful. This process may occur with other non-drug forms of psychological dependence such as gambling or shopping.
Drug dependence as a split object: Trajectories of neuroscientification and behavioralization at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Brengelmann defined drug dependence in his text as a multifactored phenomenon and emphasized the “phenomenon of multiple abuse,” which ranges from marijuana to hard drugs (Brengelmann 1973, 75). In doing so, he also referred to the “dual nature” of drug dependence by referring to physical and psychological forms. Unlike Matussek earlier, he did not directly criticize models of biological psychiatry but integrated them into his definition of substance dependence. Nevertheless, Brengelmann assigned his research to one side; according to him, psychiatry had focused too much on physical symptoms up to this point. The more difficult “elimination of psychological dependence” had, however, been neglected (Brengelmann 1973, 79). After criticizing the effectiveness of the psychotherapeutic methods available, Brengelmann suggested treating the problem of psychological dependence by using the new approach, at the time, of behavior therapy. In so doing, he followed the general trend of behavioral therapy methods developed in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa, which were spreading to Germany and other European countries (Fichter 2006).
Relationship between anxiety and drug abstention motivation in men with substance use disorders: a cross-sectional study of compulsory isolation rehabilitation in China
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2023
Yeqing Li, Xiaoqing Zeng, Huiyan Zhou
However, some researchers believe that the cost of compulsory drug rehabilitation in Asian countries is high and that it does not produce positive results. Compulsory drug rehabilitation does not reduce the desire of individuals with substance use disorders for illegal drugs, and the probability of relapse is very high (Tanguay et al., 2015). Currently, the theoretical basis for relapse is still immature, and the influencing factors and neural mechanisms that lead to addiction and relapse are still unclear (Miles et al., 2019). Clinicians have found that psychological dependence is the most important factor for relapse (Zeng & Chen, 2020). Therefore, it is significant to identify the psychological pathway that affects relapse in individuals with substance use disorders in compulsory isolation.
Haloperidol for the treatment of opioid addiction in advanced cancer patients: a case series
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2020
Alessandro Parisi, Maria Vittoria Pensieri, Alessio Cortellini, Carla D’Orazio, Corrado Ficorella, Lucilla Verna, Giampiero Porzio
Physical and psychological dependence are caused by a complex opioidinduced rush of dopamine in greater amounts than under normal stimulus, which pathologically intercept the brain mechanisms of reward and pleasure-related learning and memory.16 This complex reaction is located at the level of the mesolimbic system in an inter- action between dopamine-mediated neurons of the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cor- tex.17 Based on this, there is a strong rationale in using anti-dopaminergic drugs for treating addiction; along with approved standard of care drugs for this indication such as methadone, naltrexone and buprenorphine with or without naloxone and the concurrent management of psychological distress and psychiatric comorbidities.18