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Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Dichlorobenzenes are 1,2; 1,3; and 1,4 forms and 20:1 ratio of indoor to outdoor pollutant. Dichlorobenzene is used as an intermediate in deodorants, disinfectants, insecticides, fumigants, metal polishes, moth proofing, lacquers, and paint products. Lower concentrations will cause mucous membrane irritation, while higher levels produce nausea, anemia, jaundice, and headaches. Long-term exposure is associated with hepatic necrosis and cirrhosis. Ten percent of 500 chemically sensitive patients surveyed at the EHC-Dallas had this substance in their blood. It composed a significant part of their total body load (burden).
Assessing the Toxic Load and Detoxification Strategies
Published in Len Wisneski, The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
Few studies have evaluated the correlation between metals excreted in the urine and exposure after providing a challenge molecule.57,58 Several limitations to challenge testing exist. Most chelating agents do not extract metals from all tissues and thus does not necessarily represent total body burden. There is no clear reference range for provoked urine. Neither DMSA nor DMPS have an optimal dosage for diagnosis or treatment. There is also no standard for safe versus toxic levels. In addition, there are serious confounding factors in determining body load of metals and clinical significance.
Clinical experience with titrating doses of digoxin antibodies in acute digoxin poisoning. (ATOM-6)
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Betty S. Chan, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Angela Chiew, Katherine Isoardi, Nicholas A. Buckley
The recommended doses of Digoxin-Fab in acute poisoning have previously been calculated from the amount required to bind half or all of the estimated digoxin body load [1,8–10], or to give empiric 10–20 vials Digoxin-Fab if the ingested dose is unknown [11]. However, Digoxin-Fab is expensive (US$750 per 40 mg vial during the study, currently up to US$1,000 per vial) and has a limited shelf life of about 3 years, making it difficult to stock adequate supplies if large doses are recommended. Using reported ingested dose will generally overestimate required Digoxin-Fab doses [11]. This is because the bioavailability varies from 60 to 80%, and the use of activated charcoal and vomiting further reduces bioavailability [11]. Similarly, formulae using serum digoxin concentrations do not accurately reflect total digoxin burden when tissue distribution has not occurred [8], leading to over-estimation of the required Digoxin-Fab dose.
Effect of previous lowering of skin temperature on the time of safe exposure to a hot environment: a case study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Andrzej Sobolewski, Magdalena Młynarczyk, Maria Konarska, Joanna Bugajska
In climatic chamber 1, three air temperatures were arbitrarily adopted, i.e., ta = 17, 21 and 23 °C. A volunteer was asked to remain seated in chamber 1 for 45 min before he could start tests in the other climatic chamber where the hot environment was maintained. In climatic chamber 2, two variants of the hot environment were simulated, i.e., ta= 35 °C, RH = 80 ± 1%, Va = 0.4 ± 0.1 m/s and ta= 42 °C, RH = 80 ± 1%, Va = 0.4 ± 0.1 m/s (Figure 2). During the stabilization stage in climatic chamber 1, the relative humidity and air velocity were maintained at the constant level of RH = 50 ± 1% and Va=0.4 ± 0.1 m/s, respectively. After 45 min, a volunteer was asked to move to climatic chamber 2, where the heat load was in the hot environment and the average power load was 30 W. The power load was caused by marching on a treadmill set to the appropriate incline. The speed was 3 km/h. The human body load in the hot environment (in climatic chamber 2) was realized under the following thermal conditions: air temperature 35 °C, RH = 80 ± 1%, Va= 0.4 ± 0.1 m/s; and air temperature 42 °C, RH = 80 ± 1%, Va= 0.4 ± 0.1 m/s.
Towards an estimation of 3D efforts in lower limb prosthesis socket using low-cost, gauge-based acquisition system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
A. Altamirano, D. Jacquot, D. Mangenot, C. Villa, E. Vacherand, C. Sauret, J. Bascou
Prosthetic sockets aim at coupling the residual limb to the prosthesis and at transmitting the body load while walking. Properly fitted sockets allow their users controlling optimally their prosthesis and preventing the effects of pressure and shear from causing them pain and injuries. During rehabilitation, estimating these efforts could prove useful for adequate socket fitting. Various means were proposed to measure these forces (Al-Fakih et al. 2016), but had drawbacks: limited to pressure measurement, to specific points, alteration of the socket or the stump/socket contact, limited to finite element analysis (Lee Winson et al. 2004). Another approach consists in estimating the internal pressure by measuring the socket deformation with strain gauges placed in its external part (Sewell et al. 2012) without altering the structure, composition or materials used in the prosthesis itself, that is, non-invasively. However, measuring 3 D efforts required increasing the number of gauges. But the cost of commercial systems allowing the synchronized measurement of multiple resistive sensors is often high. In this study, an innovative low-cost system was proposed to assess the internal 3 D forces of a socket without affecting its structure or functionality using strain gauges located on its external surface, calibrated by means of artificial neural networks (ANN), and primary validation was conducted.