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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Direct effects of acute alcohol intoxication or drunkeness include euphoria, an apparent decrease of the anxiety levels, nausea, dizziness, unsteady gait, and slurred speech287 (Table 4). The initial state can further progress to stupor and coma with respiratory depression. The degree of intoxication is largely dependent on the amount of alcohol consumed and the rate of alcohol metabolism. The metabolism is relatively constant, but modified by previous alcohol consumption and actual dietary intake. Interactions occur between alcohol and barbiturate or diazepam on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal function in chronic alcoholics.405 The consumption of large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy may cause damage to the embryo and abnormal fetal development.463 Chronic alcoholic mothers may give birth to children with dysmorphic features and mentally deficient children.274,550
Alcohol Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy of Alcoholism
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Aman Upaganlawar, Sindhu Ramesh, Ellery Jones, Vishnu Suppiramaniam, Timothy Moore, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
Stabilizing patient’s hemodynamic condition and vitals is the primary treatment involved in acute alcohol intoxication; furthermore, accelerating the removal of alcohol, symptomatic treatment of various manifestations and management depends upon the severity of CNS and respiratory depression. Comatose patients experiencing respiratory depression will likely require intubation to protect and increase ventilation through the airway. A gastric lavage is administered, but precautions to avert pulmonary aspiration have to be undertaken. Alcohol is easily miscible in water and its ability to diffuse through biological membranes, can be readily eliminated from blood by hemodialysis (Schuckit, 2006b). Clinical care includes observing the patient for 4–6 h, for the duration of which the patient metabolizes the consumed ethanol. BAC decreases by 15 mg/dL every hour (Cederbaum, 2012). Some patients are susceptible to extremely violent behavior during this period and may require sedatives or antipsychotics. When administering sedatives cautiously, to those who have consumed excessive amounts of alcohol; administering multiple CNS depressants result in synergistic effects.
Novel psychoactive substances and inhalants
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
The effect of inhalant intoxication varies widely, depending on the dose and what type of solvent is inhaled. Many of the symptoms resemble alcohol intoxication with initial excitation turning to drowsiness, disinhibition, light-headedness and agitation. With increasing intoxication, individuals may develop motor incoordination, dizziness and disruption in their perception of space and time (Ruiz et al., 2011). In extreme intoxications, they may show signs of sleeplessness, confusion, nausea and vomiting, general muscle weakness, slurred speech, nystagmus, and occasionally hallucinations or disruptive behaviour. Several hours later, they are likely to be lethargic and have a hangover with mild to severe headaches.
Association of ADHD symptoms in adolescence and mortality in Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Antti Mustonen, Anni-Emilia Alakokkare, James G. Scott, Anu-Helmi Halt, Miika Vuori, Tuula Hurtig, Alina Rodriguez, Jouko Miettunen, Solja Niemelä
Adjustment for alcohol intoxication and substance use, however, attenuated the associations. In some of the previous studies, the association of ADHD diagnosis and all-cause mortality has persisted beyond adjustment for comorbidities such as substance use disorders [5,6]. We believe that due to selective attrition, this study is not able to determine if the associations between ADHD symptoms and mortality are to some extent explained by alcohol intoxication or cannabis use. This is an important issue as substance use in adolescence has been associated with premature death and at the same time ADHD diagnosis and ADHD symptoms have been reported to increase the likelihood of using different substances. Thus, we emphasize caution when interpreting these findings and further studies are needed to disentangle and directly test whether the association is influenced by alcohol intoxication or substance use and if so, to what extent.
Does lunar synodic cycle affect the rates of psychiatric hospitalizations and sentinel events?
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Apurva Mittal, Swarna Buddha Nayok, Ravindra Neelakanathappa Munoli, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Podila Sathya Venkata Narasimha Sharma
Calver et al. (2009) evaluated the relationship between the full moon and Emergency Department (ED) calls for aggression prospectively, in comparison to retrospectively collected less violent calls on the same days. Sudden behavioral disturbances were more frequent on nights of the full moon. Alcohol intoxication was found to be causal of most of the disturbances. Our study includes alcohol-dependent patients (20.12%) who may have been initially intoxicated or in various stages of withdrawal during their hospital stay. This gives a better assessment as it takes into account withdrawal and craving-related behavioral disturbances. Results may vary based on the definition of the full moon days, whether it be of 12 h, 24 h or 3 d duration (Parmar et al. 2014). We found significance with 3 d duration in contrast to Parmar, who found behavioral disturbances were more numerous if 12 h and 24 h definitions were used. However, a 3 d period may also be useful.
Drinking until Intoxication: A Qualitative Study among Underage Adolescents Admitted to the Emergency Room
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2020
Nienke de Wit, Gera E. Nagelhout, Gert-Jan Meerkerk, Johanna Ooms, Annelieke P. Le Net-van Bruggen, Mariken Gruppen, Carole Lasham, Merel van Loon, Dike van de Mheen
Several risk factors that may have contributed to an alcohol intoxication were found in this study. First, the assumption of having your own limit instead of a standardized limit of drinks seemed to contribute to excessive drinking resulting in an intoxication among adolescents without them being aware of it. Thereby, binge drinking was unknowingly normalized or even romanticized, where some adolescents experienced being tipsy before in an enjoyable way. However, an alcohol intoxication caused by binge drinking was not something they imagined would happen to them. This might call for a focus on normsetting among adolescents (Lemmers, Mulder, Onrust, Verdurmen, & Van Hasselt, 2016) and for re-framing “binge drinking”, since this term may not reflect the reality of young people’s experiences involving alcohol use (Szmigin et al., 2008).