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Designing Robots for Care: Care Centered Value-Sensitive Design
Published in Wendell Wallach, Peter Asaro, Machine Ethics and Robot Ethics, 2020
The typifying of robots is done in many different ways. Some consider a type of robot according to the domain for which it is used; industrial versus rehabilitation versus military versus search and rescue robots (Veruggio and Operto 2006). For others, types of robots may be in terms of industrial robots versus service robots versus personal robots. This classification of robots is dependent on the amount of human interaction the robot will have and the predictability or structuring of the environment within which the robot is working. Industrial robots have very little interaction with humans and are present in a structured environment where their actions are closely monitored and highly predictable. Service robots are meant to act in human environments (unstructured and unpredictable) with varying degrees of human contact and interaction (Engelberger 1989). Personal robots are a type of service robot meant to interact and cooperate with humans in human environments—a domestic robot of sorts. There is no consensus as to a universal definition of a robot let alone the classification of different types of robots.
Autonomous Inspection and Maintenance with Artificial Intelligence Infiltration
Published in Diego Galar, Uday Kumar, Dammika Seneviratne, Robots, Drones, UAVs and UGVs for Operation and Maintenance, 2020
Diego Galar, Uday Kumar, Dammika Seneviratne
AVs involve the application of intelligent automation. In general, automation is defined as technology that actively selects data, transforms information, and makes decisions or controls processes. The decision-making process employed in the technology is based on inherent AI, hence the term “intelligent automation.” The transportation industry is only one among many industries that are increasingly influenced by automation involving AI. Intelligent, personal robots have begun to noticeably appear in diverse application fields ranging from home automation to medical assistance devices.
Care robot research and development plan for disability and aged care in Korea: A mixed-methods user participation study
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Myung-Joon Lim, Won-Kyung Song, Hyosun Kweon, Eun-Rae Ro
Types of robots may be categorized in terms of industrial robots versus service robots versus personal robots, and this classification of robots is dependent on the amount of human interaction the robot will have and the predictability or structuring of the environment within which the robot is working (Van Wynsberghe, 2013). According to these categories, care robots in this study can be categorized in service robots that are meant to act in human environments with varying degrees of human contact and interaction (Van Wynsberghe, 2013). Another study suggested that affective therapy, cognitive training, social facilitation, companionship, and physiological therapy are the most problematic for older adults (Abdi et al., 2018), However, nine care robots in our study focused on physical care activities and excluded affective therapy, cognitive training, and physiological therapy. The nine care robot categories proposed in this study are mainly due to the fact that the space used mainly starts from care facilities and expands to homes and hospitals, and the physical care burden of the caregiver is considered more. Bedaf et al. conducted a literature review and classified care robots under four categories: mobility, self-care, interpersonal interaction, and other robots (Bedaf et al., 2015). Comparing with the nine categories defined in this study, mobility included lifting, changing body position on the bed, and moving. Self- care domain included feeding, toileting, bathing, and exercising and interpersonal interaction included communication. Other robot area could include smart monitoring/coaching. It is meaningful to further subdivide the four areas defined in the study of Bedaf et al. The nine care robot categories can be compared to the Japanese care robot project. Japanese care robots are classified into six categories: transfer, mobility, toileting, monitoring/communication, bathing, and care services support (AMED, 2019). However, if we take a closer look, there are some differences in the classification of care robots in Japan and Korea. In Japan, care robots are being developed that help older adults with disabilities to do mobility, toileting, and bathing on their own. On the other hand, the focus is mainly on developing robots that help caregivers perform caring actions for caregivers in Korea. Also, the target population of care robots in Korea include people with severe disabilities, so care robot categories include changing body position on the bed, feeding, exercising, and communication.