China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Moving forward by looking back
Published in Henrik Ringbom, Erik Røsæg, Trond Solvang, Autonomous Ships and the Law, 2020
Both CL 380 and the new IT Hazard Clause in CL 432, are worded too broadly to reflect how IT devices integrate with the ship’s operation. The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships38 has drawn a further distinction between information technology (IT) systems and operational technology (OT) systems. OT systems control the physical world and IT systems manage data. OT is hardware and software that directly monitors/controls physical devices and processes. IT covers the spectrum of technologies for information processing, including software, hardware, and communication technologies.39 For example, disruption of OT systems may impose a direct and significant risk to the physical safety of the insured ship or cargo, whereas disruption of data managed in IT systems may cause significant delay to a ship’s unloading or clearance. With the internet, OT and IT are gradually becoming integrated.
Digital Transformation of Mining
Published in Ali Soofastaei, Data Analytics Applied to the Mining Industry, 2020
IT is generally all about computer technology, including networking, hardware, software, and the Internet. OT usually refers to software and hardware that regulate and control physical objects, procedures, and measures within a business [18, 58]. In addition, the OT methods used by an institute in its workflow movements are characterized [59]. There are strong ties between an association’s implementation of new information and subsequent structural adjustment [8]. Also, OT frequently includes the department or team within the company responsible for OT study, maintenance, development, performance, and management [60].
The Industry 4.0 Architecture and Cyber-Physical Systems
Published in Diego Galar Pascual, Pasquale Daponte, Uday Kumar, Handbook of Industry 4.0 and SMART Systems, 2019
Diego Galar Pascual, Pasquale Daponte, Uday Kumar
Many OT systems often depend on the same server, network and operating system technology as IT systems, leading some to consider that IT and OT are on converging trajectories. However, the drivers of the systems’ designs tend to be prioritized differently. Simply stated, OT is the application of computers to monitor and/or control some aspect of the physical world. Put otherwise, OT systems have additional attributes allowing them to control or monitor physical processes. Thus, their design parameters are often very different from IT systems.
Integration of SCADA and Industrial IoT: Opportunities and Challenges
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
A. Nechibvute, H. D. Mafukidze
The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) to industry, called Industrial IoT (IIoT), is an integral part of the industry 4.0 paradigm that seeks to digitize and connect entire industrial plants and processes. Industry 4.0’s vision seeks to achieve this primarily through the systematic integration of traditional industrial capabilities with internet technology. Thus, IIoT involves the inter-networking of intelligent machines, computing devices, and humans to enable smart industrial operations. Operational technology (OT) domain is typically involved with field-based devices connected to a process control system monitoring and controlling those devices, and the SCADA system is the most popular example. Communications in such OT frameworks are device-to-device, or device-to-computer, with relatively little human interaction. On the other hand, Information Technology (IT) domain involves office information systems employed to conduct commercial/business-type transactions such as cost and tax accounting, billing and revenue collection, asset tracking and depreciation, human resource records and time-keeping, and customer records. The advent of the IIoT is radically changing this perspective and progressively these two previously distinct domains started to share common technologies and approaches [22] (see Figure 3).
Operation twins: production-intralogistics synchronisation in Industry 4.0
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Mingxing Li, Daqiang Guo, Ming Li, Ting Qu, George Q. Huang
Experiment results have shown the significant improvements that the concept of OT can drive. Several managerial implications are highlighted: Firstly, the intertwining nature of PiL processes complicates operations management in real-life manufacturing systems. OT is proved to be an effective tool to manage the PiL in a synchronised and coordinated manner, which is indispensable for enhancing the overall efficiency with smooth workflow. Secondly, uncertain events are unavoidable in manufacturing systems. OT is a flexible and resilient PiL management strategy, which is more favourable in practice because it helps improve plan/schedule stability and overall performance under various uncertainties. Thirdly, Industry 4.0 factories are believed to be highly visible, traceable, and interconnected with real-time data. OT explicitly integrates these real-time data into the decisions and operations process to provide a new stimulus for improvements, which is also deemed to be an indispensable aspect in Industry 4.0 factories. The present study inspires practitioners to rethink and reengineer their operations management strategy to fully tap the potentials of these real-time data to enhance the system performance further.
Using the Information Harm Triangle to Identify Risk-Informed Cybersecurity Strategies for Instrumentation and Control Systems
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Michael T. Rowland, Lee T. Maccarone, Andrew J. Clark
Modern nuclear power plants (NPPs) are becoming increasingly dependent on the integration of digital technologies and plant processes. While digital technologies enable many benefits such as advanced instrumentation and control (I&C) systems and state-of-the-art monitoring and diagnostics techniques,1,2 the introduction of these technologies introduces the potential for cyberattacks within operational technology (OT) environments. The potential consequences of a cyberattack on an OT system extend beyond those consequences associated with cyberattacks targeting traditional information and communications technology (ICT) environments. While cyberattacks on ICT systems may impact data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, cyberattacks in OT environments may also impact physical processes.3 As commercial NPPs become increasingly reliant upon digital I&C systems, new methods of security analysis are required that consider the impact of cyberattacks on both digital information and physical processes.