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Prospect-Refuge Theory
Published in Debra Flanders Cushing, Evonne Miller, Creating Great Places, 2019
Debra Flanders Cushing, Evonne Miller
Similar to the role of viewing within a prospect-refuge scenario is the concept of natural surveillance. Natural surveillance of a public space refers to people observing or watching over that space informally, without the use of security cameras. Although, this may conjure images of Gladys Kravitz, the extremely nosy neighbor with the irritating voice on the 1960s American sitcom Bewitched, it is actually the idea that people are able to observe what is happening in a space which can serve as a crime deterrent. In her classic book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs (1961) discussed this concept as ‘eyes on the street’ to highlight the importance of having neighbors and community members watch over a space.
Managing Terrorism Threat/Vulnerability Assessments and Risk Analysis
Published in Michael L. Madigan, Handbook of Emergency Management Concepts, 2017
Natural surveillance follows the premise that criminals do not wish to be observed; placing legitimate “eyes” on the street, such as providing window views and lighting, increases the perceived risk to offenders, reduces fear for bona fide occupants and visitors, as well as lessening reliance on camera surveillance.
Physical and Waterside Security in the Port Facility
Published in Kenneth Christopher, Port Security Management, 2014
CPTED is a strategic concept that may help the port FSO to understand the relationship between effective planning and implementation of efficient physical security regimens. There are four overarching CPTED strategies, which the port FSO can draw from in effecting perimeter security: Natural surveillance: by maximizing the visibility of the target environment, potential intruders can be easily observed and deterred from committing any criminal activity. Visibility-enhancing features include things such as unobstructed doors and windows, pedestrian-friendly sidewalks and streets, building entryways, and illumination at night.Natural access control: potential intruders perceive an increased risk of detection when facilities are designed to effectively distinguish public property from private areas. Thus, access ways, walkways, streets, and building entrances are designed so that there are clear lines of demarcation that separate the public and private areas.Territorial reinforcement: creating a sense of control over a designated space discourages potential intruders from invading that space. Techniques include the definition of property lines and separating public and private space through landscaping, pavement designs, gateway treatments, and fencing.Maintenance: by maintaining landscaping and other facility features such as lighting and building surfaces, inhabitants build on the other three CPTED strategies. Figure 8.1 illustrates the damage to a kiosk and a fence line related to a severe storm at a port facility container storage access point. While events like this are often unpredictable, port management’s ability to effect quick repairs to secure the facility contribute to the perception that the port is aware of and on top of destabilizing conditions. Likewise, routine activities such as cutting the grass, trimming the fence lines, and keeping the lights working properly all contribute to the perception that the environment is under surveillance and that the owners are in control.
Physical environmental factors that affect users’ willingness to visit neighbourhood centres in China
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Zhehan Zhang, Kai Fang, Suihan Zhang, Wenda Zhang, Xinpeng Wang, Nobuaki Furuya
The public security and facility safety carry the greatest importance, which indicates that residents have a high awareness of safety and consider it a prerequisite for their use of the facilities. Previous research has demonstrated that insecurity is a major barrier to users’ physical activity (Lee & Moudon, 2004), whereas secure spaces increase residents’ feelings of safety to encourage social activity and are positively associated with residents’ psychological well-being (Farahani et al., 2022; Thompson & Kent, 2013). Scholars have demonstrated that public security can be achieved by implementing the necessary security conditions (e.g. security guards, cameras) or through the spatial design and functional mix of neighbourhood centres that create a natural surveillance system for the community (Jacobs, 1961). In fact, the perceived security generated by neighbourhood dependence influences user behaviour more than actual security (Lauwers et al., 2021; Mason & Kearns, 2012). An attractive space that entices residents to visit can also increase their perceptions of security; thus, public security and social interactions can be mutually reinforcing (Doolittle & Macdonald, 1978; Ellis & Newman, 1974).
Neighbourhood permeability and burglary: a case study of a city in China
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2022
Zhong Wang, Jun Lu, Paolo Beccarelli, Chuan Yang
RCs with any listed characters: UNU villages existence, affluent and adjacent to UNU villages, a large proportion of the transient population, homogeneity residential land-use, a large amount of cul-de-sac, and large gated real estates, should be allocated with more police resource allocation. Furthermore, the Residential Committees could play an important role in crime prevention in those neighbourhoods: The administrative organisation in charge of the RCs with high risk should provide more safety propaganda activities and strengthen the transit population management. Congregate activities in the neighbourhood scale could increase mutual understanding among RCs so that social control would rise.More public facilities and land-use allowing the diverse use of the inhabitants in the neighbourhood should be settled down. Various land-use and public facilities could accommodate more residents’ activities to increase natural surveillance.Neighbourhoods segregated by massive real estates should be regenerated as ‘The Suggestion’ proposed. The well-connected street network would appear to be a beneficial design feature and should be encouraged. Part of the private real estates’ road could be embedded into the urban network to integrity the urban network and avoid too many cul-de-sacs.
Female restrooms in the tourist destination: how the socio-spatial conditions of public toilets influence women’s perception of safety
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2022
Natural surveillance refers to the condition of relatively high number of people that will provide a less attractive for a criminal act in the area for the designated function or activity (York and MacAlister 2015). Unlike the other three cases, in the context of T-04, small group of men hang around the toilet, might be considered as a threat for a woman. It was understood that respondent need the third parties to observe them and act as the witnesses in the toilet location. Therefore, in the case of T-04, focusing on “eyes on the street” may relatively ineffective since those who passing the road cannot observe what was going on in the public toilets and defend against criminal behaviours.