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Environmental implications of offshore energy
Published in Katherine L. Yates, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning, 2018
Andrew B. Gill, Silvana N.R. Birchenough, Alice R. Jones, Adrian Judd, Simon Jude, Ana Payo-Payo, Ben Wilson
Offshore wind power represents the largest renewable energy development in the marine environment globally, with northern Europe being the focus of activity over the past few decades (91% of world’s offshore installed wind power in Europe 2015; Council, G. W. E. Annual report 2015). At present, offshore wind farms can be located anywhere where there is sufficient wind resource and suitable seabed for construction of the wind turbine arrays and cable burial. Most offshore wind turbines deployed around the world are steel monopoles that are particularly suitable for soft-bottom substrates (e.g., sand, sandy mud; Figure 8.1a). Other foundations, such as jackets, gravity-based and suction caisson, have been used where seabed characteristics are hard or alternative foundations are needed (Figure 8.1a). There is now increasing interest in the technology of floating wind turbines, which can have a weighted platform on or near the surface and different mooring-line designs anchoring the turbines to the seabed (Figure 8.1b). Floating turbines will enable the sector to expand its coverage of the seas farther offshore and potentially reduce the pressures associated with coastal planning of offshore energy developments. Depending on the different types of foundations employed, each will have a different environmental footprint (Figure 8.1a and b) and concomitant effect on the seafloor and associated communities.
Microstructural evolution at sand–structure interface of suction caisson subjected to lateral cyclic loadings
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2023
Zhitao Ye, Yufeng Gao, Shuang Shu, Yin Wang, Yanbo Chen
With the consensus on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, renewable energy has gained great importance as a means of attaining global targets for lower greenhouse gas emissions while preserving energy security. The great abundance of wind and solar energy in the offshore environment suggest they have emerged as the most alluring of clean, renewable energy sources (Liu et al. 2020; Xu, Schwarz, and Yang 2020). In recent years, Asian countries (such as China, India) are catching up in related industries and have exploited more than 50% of the world’s wind power capacity, Europe has always been at the front runner of offshore wind turbine (OWT) development with OWTs accounting for more than 20% of the newly installed capacity (Ren et al. 2021). By 2050, wind and photovoltaic deployment may dominate the global energy supply, it is predicted that wind energy would satisfy more than 20% of the world’s electricity demand. With the development of floating offshore wind platforms towards the deeper sea, the foundations and substructure cost the most (36.2%) in the construction process (Li et al. 2022; Lowe and Drummond 2022; Subbulakshmi et al. 2022).
A review of optimization techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2022
Mohammad Shariz Ansari, Mohd. Faisal Jalil, R.C. Bansal
Novel ways are now being developed to harness the required energy using WTG. WTG was previously used to maneuver the boat and pump water. In 1887 windmill was built in Scotland to produce electricity. The design of WTG is often customized to specific characteristics of the place. Low wind speed locations are ideal for oversized rotors, while high wind speed locations are designed for small rotors [63]. Many WTGs are designed in variable pitch or variable speed mode to control loads. In 1887 during the winter season, Charles was the first person who produced electricity by using a wind-powered generator [64]. The chosen area must have significant wind energy potential throughout the year to exploit the hybrid WTG more effectively and economically. WTG is now associated with large and small WTG for various constructions. Unlike solar energy, the operating time of WTGs is extended due to which they generate power throughout the day and night and on cloudy days [65,66]. The electricity production from wind power in Europe is approximately only about 35,000 MW. Due to low wind speed speeds, WTGs can’t produce electrical power; therefore, other sources are required to feed the load. As a result, both wind and solar systems require energy storage devices to store extra energy and use it when there is a lower supply of power to meet load demand without load shedding [67].
A review: diffuser augmented wind turbine technologies
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Akin Ilhan, Besir Sahin, Mehmet Bilgili
Global installed wind energy generation capacity has enhanced nearly 79 times in the last two decades. Namely, this capacity has increased from 7.5 GW in 1997 reaching to 591.549 GW in 2018. Onshore and offshore installations of global installed wind power of 591.549 GW correspond to 568.409 GW and 23.140 GW, respectively by 2018 (GWEC, 2020; Wood 2011). Nowadays, wind power is known to be the fastest growing sector among the others in terms of electricity generation (Bilgili and Sahin 2009; Genc and Gokcek 2009; Ilhan, Bilgili, and Sahin 2017a; Ilhan et al. 2017b; Sahin and Bilgili 2009; White 2006; Yaniktepe, Koroglu, and Savrun 2013; Yumak, Uçar, and Yayla 2012). In additions, especially in recent years, it has been observed that wind power has the fastest growing capability among renewable energy sources (Bilgili et al. 2015a; Bilgili, Sahin, and Kahraman 2004; Bilgili, Şahin, and Şimşek 2009; Sahin, Bilgili, and Akilli 2005). In this context, the total installed wind power capacity in the World and the Europe between 2000 and 2018 is reported in Figure 2. As clearly seen in this figure, the capacity of wind energy installations within this time period has a rapid increasing trend both in the World and the Europe. The global cumulative installed wind power capacity in 2000 was only 17.40 GW, but, at the end of 2016, the Worldwide total wind power capacity reached 487.657 GW (Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) 2020). These wind power installations further increased to 539.581 GW by 2017 with a very high development (Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) 2020). Finally, total global installations of wind power reached 591.549 GW by the end of 2018 (Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) 2020). On the other hand, by 2016, Europe has owned almost one-thirds of the World’s total installed wind power capacity, which corresponds to a share of 154.0 GW. Europe has had 141.0 GW onshore and 13.0 GW offshore wind power installations, by this year. The total installed wind power of Europe reached 168.8 GW of installations in 2017. Similarly by this year, Europe owned 153.0 GW onshore and 15.8 GW offshore wind power installations (WIP, 2018). Finally in 2018, the Europe’s total installed wind power has been observed to reach 189.606 GW. And, 171.328 GW and 18.278 GW installations have been reported as onshore and offshore, respectively by 2018. However, the offshore wind farm installations are needed to be rapidly improved in the near future (EWEA, 2016; Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) 2020; Keivanpour et al. 2019). Averagely, offshore wind technology generates 48% lower greenhouse gas emissions per kWh produced electricity, when compared according to the onshore wind technology (Noori, Kucukvar, and Tatari 2015). The global development trend of offshore wind technology is demonstrated in Figure 3. In this figure, the offshore installed power of the World is presented between period ranges of 2005–2019. In the beginnings of twenty first century, while the total global installed power was less than 1 GW, by the end of 2019, it is seen that total installed power of offshore sector exceed 29 GW.