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Modular Systems for Energy Usage in Vehicles
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management, 2020
Vehicles and their design reference mission requirements influence the selection of fuel cell technology for the modular fuel cell [1, 26]. The voltage and current produced by a fuel cell is determined by the design’s cell stack series and/or parallel arrangement and the size of the individual cells. Unlike batteries, the fuel cell continues to provide power as long as fuel and oxidant continue to be fed into the fuel cell stack. Solar arrays and fuel cells are often seen as alternative power sources. Solar energy is seen as renewable source, while fuel cells are limited by the supply of the reactants. A hybrid system composed of both fuel cells and solar arrays can exploit the benefits of both. In a regenerative fuel cell system, the reactants and water are part of a closed-loop system where the water is reconverted back to reactants by a solar-powered electrolyzer. This is similar to rechargeable batteries except that the regeneration can occur concurrently while the fuel cell continues to produce power without diminishing as long as reactant production stays ahead of power consumption [1].
Introduction
Published in Xianguo Li, Principles of Fuel Cells, 2005
Fuel cells may also be referred to by as many other methods as the number of variables related to the fuel cell system. For example, a pressurized fuel cell operates at pressures above the atmospheric pressure. A direct methanol or gasoline fuel cell indicates that the methanol or gasoline is fed directly into the fuel cell anode for electro-oxidation and electricity generation, as discussed in the previous section. For an indirect methanol or gasoline fuel cell, the primary fuel (methanol or gasoline) is converted into hydrogen-rich gas first through a reforming process, and the secondary fuel (hydrogen) is then supplied to the anode for hydrogen electrooxidation to produce electricity. If the same cell is used in the forward reaction to produce electricity (fuel cell reaction), and in the reverse reaction to produce the same reactants from the forward reaction products by electric energy input (electrolytic reaction), such a cell may be called a regenerative fuel cell, since it can regenerate the reactants itself. In that sense, a cell that can only be used for forward reaction may be called primary fuel cell. A hydrogen–chlorine (or hydrogen–bromine) fuel cell can be easily used as a regenerative fuel cell as well by using hydrochloric (or hydrobromic) acid as electrolyte; while a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell forming water is not easy to implement as a regenerative system because of the inefficient reverse reaction and unstable electrode structure.
Electricity Production Hybrid Power Plants
Published in Dimitris Al. Katsaprakakis, Power Plant Synthesis, 2020
In cases where hydrogen is stored in the fuel cell in order to ensure uninterrupted power production, the whole system is called a regenerative fuel cell (RFC). The layout and the operation concept of such an approach are presented in Figure 3.15. The fuel cell is provided with hydrogen produced by either an electrolysis device, or by a hydrocarbon dissolution process. The hydrogen is stored in the fuel cell to eventually react with oxygen, producing thus electricity, when this is required by the grid.
Transient behaviors of a unitized regenerative fuel cell with streamlined flow channel during mode switching from electrolytic cell to fuel cell
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Hang Guo, Jia Song, Fang Ye, Chong Fang Ma
With the decrease of fossil fuel storage on earth and the aggravating of world pollution, novel energy types without pollution should be proposed and utilized. Hydrogen energy with the advantages of renewability and learn emission can be regarded as a green energy utilization approach. Fuel cell (FC) can efficiently utilize the hydrogen and produce the electricity, and unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) is able to both produce electricity and use the water production to produce the hydrogen reactant. The fuel cell and electrolytic cell (EC) modes appear during the unitized regenerative fuel cell working procedure, and the modes can be switched from one to another. In the EC mode, electrical energy is stored as chemical energy while the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into electric energy in FC mode. Since the FC and the EC work in the same device, a URFC is compact in structure and reduced in size and mass. Due to its high specific energy characteristic, a URFC can be applied to aerospace, and can also be integrated with solar or wind energy to balance electricity demand. In addition, it can be used in broader fields such as power supply and portable equipment.
A Review on Research and Technology Development of Green Hydrogen Energy Systems with Thermal Management and Heat Recovery
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2023
Lixin Cheng, Zhixiong Guo, Guodong Xia
Figure 9 shows a coupling of renewables with a nuclear reactor to produce hydrogen [22]. One way to deliver a constant or any required load profile to the grid is to equip the nuclear and renewable power plants with an energy storage device, such as a regenerative fuel cell which is a combination of a hydrogen production system and a fuel cell with hydrogen storage. The renewable fuel cell system is typically less costly than a battery bank for high power/long duration storage. Another option is to use nuclear/renewable-generated hydrogen as a fuel for home cooking and heating, and/or for a fuel cell or hydrogen combustion engine-powered vehicles.
A numerical investigation of operating condition effects on unitized regenerative fuel cells with elliptically shallow channel during mode switching
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Jia Song, Hang Guo, Fang Ye, Chong Fang Ma
A unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) is an electrochemical device integrating the functions of electrolytic cell (EC) and fuel cell (FC), which has the advantages of light weight, small size, complexity, high energy density, no pollution and no self-discharge (Mitlitsky, Myers, and Weisberg 1998; Sadhasivam et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2007). It can be applied in aerospace, portable applications, electric vehicle power system and other fields (Pu et al. 2021; Sone 2011; Wang et al. 2017).