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Radiation—ionising and non-ionising
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Kerrie Burton, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
NORM may be found in minerals, oil and gas. Although it may initially occur at low levels, the refined product, the process line and waste may contain higher levels of radioactivity. Examples include thorium-232 and uranium-238 in the mining and processing of mineral sands, and radium-226 (and associated radon daughters) in oil and gas production (Cooper 2005).
Radiation—ionising and non-ionising
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
NORM may be found in minerals, oil and gas. Although it may initially occur at low levels, the refined product, the process line and waste may contain higher levels of radioactivity. Examples include thorium-232 and uranium-238 in the mining and processing of mineral sands, and radium-226 (and associated radon daughters) in oil and gas production (Cooper, 2005). Contamination of equipment used to process NORM can become a problem for disposal and personal exposure during its operation and at demolition.
Introduction to NORM
Published in Philip T. Underhill, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material, 2018
NORM is an acronym that stands for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. The radioactive elements from which NORM originates were incorporated into the earth’s crust when the earth was created. There are many different types of radioactive material found in nature, but the oil and gas industry is only concerned with three particular radionuclides. They are:
Ecotoxicological effects of decommissioning offshore petroleum infrastructure: A systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Amy MacIntosh, Katherine Dafforn, Beth Penrose, Anthony Chariton, Tom Cresswell
Many jurisdictions adopt marine environmental quality guidelines for threshold concentrations for metals and hydrocarbons in waters and sediments to protect marine ecosystems and biota e.g. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for waters and sediment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Burton, 2002). Guidance and recommendations for the management and application of guidelines for NORM in industry are provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) exempt levels for low-level radioactive waste; concentration of a radionuclide that may result in doses to humans. These exclusion activity concentrations for NORMs are 1 Bq/g, if levels per radionuclide are below the exempt threshold, there is no regulatory concern. However, no such exemption levels for non-human biota exposure or marine ecological guidelines are available for NORM (IAEA, 2004).