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Controllers and Monitors
Published in Dorothy Gerring, Renewable Energy Systems for Building Designers, 2023
Larger charge controllers (figure 19.2) can be nominally 12V, 24V, or 48V. (Note that you’ll see 36V systems as well, which are more common for boats and golf carts than RE systems.) Depending on the specifications, these controllers have LED panels on the cover and are more likely to have MPPT rather than PWM. MPPT provides power optimization between PV modules in an array to maximize production (MPPT is also an inverter option). In order for the MPPT to work correctly, the module and controller need to be matched so the MPPT starting voltage is met and will turn on. The system information may be a set display or could have buttons to click through menus. Controllers can be hooked up to a DC load panel or to an inverter. Figure 19.3 shows a controller with a digital display showing battery information.
Hybrid Energy Storage
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
Kim et al. [30] examined power generation, conversion (charger), and storage in a solar energy harvesting system. Typical MPPT techniques perform feedback control of the system so that the power from the PV cell Ppv is maximized. Perturb and observe technique, or hill-climbing method, makes a slight increase or decrease (perturbation) in the PV cell voltage Vpv to see which direction increases the Ppv (observe), and change Vpv in that way. Incremental conductance technique utilizes that dPpv/dVpv = 0 at the MPP. It compares the incremental conductance (dIpv/dVpv) and the PV cell’s instantaneous conductance (Ipv/Vpv) to determine whether to increase or decrease the Vpv to increase the Ppv. The common objective of these techniques is to maximize the Ppv in time-varying environmental conditions.
MPPT Control Systems for PV Power Plants
Published in Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Kumar Pandey, Abhishek Sharma, Om Prakash Nautiyal, Mangey Ram, Applied Soft Computing and Embedded System Applications in Solar Energy, 2021
Shailendra Rajput, Moshe Averbukh
Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithms are the most used MPPT algorithms [15–18]. This method is based on a simple feedback arrangement and corresponding measurements of the output parameters. As for this method, the module voltage or current (one of which is a control variable) is periodically perturbed a little. The corresponding output or its derivative is compared with the previously obtained outcome, and the following perturbation is chosen in accordance with the previous results. The flowchart for this method is shown in Figure 1.8. The important issue with this approach is the stability of the control process. To ensure this, relatively slight perturbations are applied that, on the one hand, increase the stability but, on the other hand, cause elongation of the MPPT detection. In case the power is increased during the previous step or the derivative is positive, the perturbation continues in the same direction. Otherwise, when the derivative becomes negative or the power is diminished, the perturbation changes direction. After the peak power is reached, the power change in the vicinity of MPP obtains an oscillating behavior since every perturbation causes a negative change of power. Now when the peak point is reached, the power change in the vicinity of MPP obtains oscillating behavior since every perturbation causes a negative change in power. The schematic demonstration of the P&O approach is shown in Figure 1.9.
Estimation of irradiance and temperature of solar photovoltaic system operating at maximum power point
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Raja Owais, Sheikh Javed Iqbal
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation ensures that maximum power is extracted under the current working temperature and irradiance conditions. MPPT operation makes PV systems very cost effective; otherwise, a larger number of solar panels are required to provide the necessary power output. Maximum power point tracking is achieved by interfacing a DC–DC converter with the PV panels. A change in duty cycle causes a change in the load impedance seen by the source. At the maximum power point, the source impedance matches the load impedance. Numerous MPPT techniques have been proposed; the most popular among them is the P&O algorithm or the hill-climbing algorithm. P&O is preferred because of its simplicity and effectiveness. P&O is a search-based, model-free optimisation technique that searches for the maximum power point by changing the system operating conditions and then observing the change. If the change produces an increase in power, a change in the same direction is applied in the next iteration. Eventually this operation leads to the maximum power point. The search can be made based on power versus voltage, power versus current or the power versus duty cycle of the PV array (Jain and Agarwal 2007). The simplified algorithm for P&O is shown in Figure 2. The symbol Y in the algorithm can be PV voltage, PV current or duty cycle of the converter.
The Modified MPPT for PV System with Interleaved Hybrid DC-to-DC Boost Converter
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Hasan Uzmus, Naci Genc, M. Ali Celık
Despite the climate and weather conditions, it is desired to harvest maximum electricity generation from the sun irradiation falling on the PV panel during the day. With the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technic, the PV panel is forced to operate at the maximum power point (MPP) for increasing the efficiency. There are many MPPT control technics developed for the PV panel to reach MPP and track variable MPP, such as Incremental Conductance (IC), Fuzzy Logic, Perturb & Observe (P&O), Artificial Neural Network, etc. [18, 19]. The operating principle of MPPT control technics are based on automatic switching by directing the duty cycle (d) to the optimum value in order to obtain the highest level of power from the PV panel. With this d, a power converter circuit connected between the PV panel and the load, is controlled to force the PV panel to reach and track MPP, and transfer power to the load [20]. To provide power control by MPPT control technics, it is necessary to connect a DC-to-DC boost or buck converter circuit between PV and load [21, 22]. Besides, the DC-to-DC converters bring the PV voltage to the desired level and make it linear as filter [23].
Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for hybrid renewable energy system
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2019
Mohammad Junaid Khan, Lini Mathew
In this paper, a review of various MPPT techniques for PV/WT/FC hybrid systems has been offered. A majority of the times, different constraints are associated with MPPT algorithm in a hybrid system such as easy implementation, cost etc. and also, various performance indicators such as tracking speed, tracking efficiency, tracking accuracy etc. Different types of MPPT techniques including conventional low complex techniques such as P&O, INC, Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV), and also high complex techniques like FL, NN or artificial intelligence based MPPT techniques etc. have been discussed. The comparison of various MPPT techniques used in many fields (like solar-PV, wind and FC etc.) viz, optimized P&O, optimized INC, hybrid MPPT, FL and NN etc. have been carried out. It is observed that hybrid MPPT technique has emerged as one of the most efficient ones.