China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Refining a Holistic View of Grid Modernization
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
John D. McDonald, Robby Simpson, Patty Durand, Charles W. Newton, Eric Woychik
In sum, an ADMS and its applications still face challenges in providing optimal management functions, and this is an area of technology innovation today. Consider the system being analyzed: It has many small, geographically dispersed loads (single- and three-phase). Typically, real-time data on each of those small loads is not available. A load estimation tool can be applied to determine existing, available measurement points and how those data points can be processed by an allocation-type algorithm to produce a good estimate of load values across the system. With dynamic microgrids and intermittent DER, in addition to relatively static loads, it’s a significant challenge to assess and manage a low-voltage network.
Power Industry
Published in Jay Liebowitz, The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems, 2019
The control engineer uses an electric network control system which allows remote operation of circuit breakers across the network and reports any automatic switch operation that occurs in response to a fault The system also displays alarms and provides the engineer with various other pieces of information such as load readings. The system covers the High-Voltage Network (HVN) and has partial coverage of the Low-Voltage Network (LVN). The rest of the switching operations for the LVN are done manually by the field engineer who is in contact with the control engineer.
Investment and Cost Structure in Distribution
Published in Ralph Turvey, Optimal Pricing and Investment in Electricity Supply, 2017
Consider, as one example, a new housing estate. Connecting the houses (or flats) involves the provision of a meter and a service to each dwelling, the laying down of a low voltage network to feed all the services, the provision of a number of transformer substations to feed the low voltage network and connection of these substations to the existing high voltage network. The cost per dwelling of all this naturally depends on a whole host of local factors, but in addition there are some more systematic factors which can be listed as follows:
The Impact of Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems on Fault Current in Asymmetric Low-Voltage Distribution Networks
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Ali Ghanei Ardakan, Alireza Sedighi Anaraki, Davoud Abootorabi Zarchi
The network model must be obtained based on consecutive networks to perform asymmetric short-circuit calculations. The impedance between the two adjacent nodes in the low-voltage network feeder is represented by the impedance matrix and Eq. (1): where zf is the phase impedance between the two adjacent buses, and I3 * 3 is the unit matrix. Similarly, the average impedance of the voltage feeder is equal to: where z’f is equal to the impedance of a medium voltage feeder. Likewise, the impedance of the distribution transformer is equal to: where ztrans is equal to the impedance of each distribution transformer phase. Feeder impedance for modeling consecutive networks is defined by Eq. (4): where, consecutive networks for the medium voltage feeder and transformer impedance are calculated similarly using Eqs. (2, 3).
The impact of extreme weather on peak electricity demand from homes heated by air source heat pumps
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2021
Michael Chesser, Padraic O'Reilly, Padraig Lyons, Paula Carroll
This measure allows the DSO to dimension the low voltage network in anticipation of the average concurrent maximum demand. Barteczko-Hibbert (2015) reports an ADMD for samples of 100 customers across all demographic groups in the UK of between 1.2 and 2 kW. DSOs need to estimate the impact of the adoption of low carbon technologies such as HPs on ADMD, and plan network reinforcement strategies accordingly. Love et al. (2017) use a winter period when calculating the ADMD for HP demand in the UK, when heating energy demand is at its highest. The ADMD is 1.7 kW for the additional heat pump demand for a sample of 100 customers. This is the additional heat pump demand and does not include the rest of the household electricity use. The ADMD of the whole home with heat pump is around 2 kW. They note that total is less than the sum of the components as the daily peak in heat pump use is not concurrent with the daily peak of the rest of the home. They note that the peak in aggregated HP profile occurs in the morning while the national gird peak demand occurs in the evening. The shape of the national grid profile remains largely the same even at a 20% HP penetration level, but they note that this may change in colder weather.
Active power quality improvement for unified renewable energy system with multilevel inverter and PEKF controllers
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Microgrids (MGs) are typically small-scale, low-voltage network, incorporated combination of distributed generation, storage energy systems and controllable loads. They are generally utilized in rural communities that are remote or secluded and/or underdeveloped or they call for sufficient load to warrant local generation and distribution (Tianguang et al. 2017). High penetration of power at distribution level creates such multiple MGs. Distributed generation (DG) is becoming as a new standard to produce on-site highly reliable and good-quality electrical power. The concept of DG is quite fascinating when various kinds of energy resources are accessible, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, fuel cells (FCs), or wind turbines (Wei et al. 2006). The DG of various frameworks of energy systems taken into consideration allows for the integration of renewable and nonconventional energy resources into distribution system (Liu et al. 2012).