China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Solid waste and landfill leachate
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
Sasmita Chand, Bhubaneswar Pradhan, Sujata Chand, Sushanta Kumar Naik
This method involves the anaerobic degradation of organic waste by microorganisms. Biogas containing CH4 is produced in this process. Many researchers have reported approximately 16 million metric (CO equivalents per annum) of CH4 is emitted from Indian landfill sites, and the annual energy potential from landfill gas of different landfills sites like Mumbai (Deonar and Gorai) has the potential to produce 5.6 MW, Ahmedabad (Pirana) 1.3 MW, Delhi (Bhalswa, Ghazipur, and Okhla) 8.4 MW, and Pune (Uruli) 0.7 MW. Biogas produced in the process is used to generate electricity, and the inert slurry can be used as an organic fertilizer (Vaish et al., 2020). The gas can be used for conventional fuels like liquid petroleum gas or compressed natural gas, compressed biogas, which can be converted into electricity with use of generators yielding 30% electricity. However, the demerits of this method are almost 70% of the energy is lost as heat in the process of energy conversion. The biomethanation slurry is used as excellent liquid manure for agriculture. Thus, biomethanation not only produces energy but also distributes nutrients for the soil.
Manure Management: Poultry
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Shafiqur Rahman, Thomas R. Way
Table 1 lists the total number of broilers, layers, and turkeys produced and the estimated manure production by bird type. A large quantity of manure or litter is produced daily, which needs to be managed properly to maximize agronomic benefits (i.e., nutrient values) and minimize environmental concerns (i.e., water and air pollution). Poultry manure management is composed of manure collection and handling, storing, and utilization. Manure collection and handling depend on manure properties, and they are influenced by bird type, bird age, diet, bird productivity, and management system.[2] Manure can be handled as a solid (>20 total solids), semisolid (10%–20% total solids), slurry (4%–10% solids), or liquid (<4% solids).[3] Solid manure can be stacked, while liquid manure can be stored in earthen anaerobic lagoons or storage structures (e.g., concrete or steel). For economical reasons, liquid manure is typically stored in anaerobic lagoons.
Agriculture – Potential polluter of waters in karst region in Slovenia
Published in A. Kranjc, Tracer Hydrology 97, 2020
On the other hand it was found out that in many cases dung yards and cesspools on farms are not built and/or are poorly built. In this case liquid manure can cause serious problem as being point polluter of groundwater.
Intermittent agitation of liquid manure: effects on methane, microbial activity, and temperature in a farm-scale study
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Andrew C. VanderZaag, Hambaliou Baldé, Jemaneh Habtewold, Etienne L. Le Riche, Stephen Burtt, Kari Dunfield, Robert J. Gordon, Earl Jenson, Ray L. Desjardins
Farmers commonly agitate liquid manure storages prior to field application to facilitate pumping and to homogenize nutrients and solids. Agitation brings manure from depth to the surface, and in some cases sprays the manure onto the surface, which involves a high level of mechanical force and provides aeration. The effects of this process on CH4 emissions are not well understood. On one hand, pilot-scale and on-farm measurements show the immediate effect of agitation is a rapid increase in CH4 emissions due to the release of dissolved gas and trapped bubbles (~10-fold increase in the first hour; Kaharabata, Schuepp, and Desjardins 1998; Leytem et al. 2017; VanderZaag et al. 2014, 2010a). Manure surface crusts are disrupted by agitation, removing potential methanotrophy and a physical barrier to CH4 emissions. The longer-term effects on manure CH4 production are not clear, however, because agitation is typically immediately followed by manure removal, measurement studies often stop after agitation. On the other hand, data from other disciplines suggest there could be an inhibitory effect of agitation. Laboratory studies with anaerobic incubation of rice paddy soil demonstrated that agitation led to 80% lower CH4 production overall. This decrease was attributed to the disruption of the conversion of fatty acids and alcohols, a reduced conversion of acetate, and the physical destruction of acetotrophic methanogens caused by mechanical forces (Dannenberg, Wudler, and Conrad 1997). Laboratory studies on manure anaerobic digestion point in a similar direction, whereby CH4 yield was reduced and microbial activity was lower as a result of a greater manure mixing speed (Turker et al. 2013). Ong, Greenfield, and Pullammanappallil (2002) found a 28% decrease of methane production from cattle slurry in a continuously stirred reactor compared to an unstirred reactor. Mixing disrupted the production of extracellular polymeric substances which help form larger microbial aggregates. Studies on aeration of pig slurries prior to storage found that aeration significantly reduced CH4 emissions compared to unaerated slurry (Loyon et al. 2007; Martinez et al. 2003). Calvet, Hunt, and Misselbrook (2017) observed an increased pH as well as a 40% decrease in CH4 emission as a result of low frequency aeration of pig slurries at a pilot-scale.