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Heating Systems
Published in Shan K. Wang, Zalman Lavan, Paul Norton, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering, 2018
An infrared heater is a device used to provide infrared heating. Heat radiates from an infrared heater in the form of electromagnetic waves and scatters in all directions. Most infrared heaters have reflectors to focus the radiant beam onto a localized area. Therefore, they are often called beam radiant heaters. Infrared heaters are widely used in high-ceiling supermarkets, factories, warehouses, gymnasiums, skating rinks, and outdoor loading docks.
Characterization of PFAS air emissions from thermal application of fluoropolymer dispersions on fabrics
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Lindsay C. Wickersham, James M. Mattila, Jonathan D. Krug, Stephen R. Jackson, M. Ariel Geer Wallace, Erin P. Shields, Hannah Halliday, Emily Y. Li, Hannah K. Liberatore, Stanley (Mac) Farrior, William Preston, Jeffrey V. Ryan, Chun-Wai Lee, William P. Linak
The infrared heating element and furnace gas exit temperatures were monitored for each of the three infrared furnaces. Infrared heater face temperatures are controlled by individual controllers to maintain a constant temperature. The furnace exit gas temperatures were monitored by thermocouples inserted into the center of the gas stream. The coated fiber surface temperature at the exit of furnace 3 was continuously monitored by an optical spot pyrometer (Fluke, Everett, WA). All temperature measurements were collected in real-time using a data acquisition system (IOtech, Personal Daq/56, Norton, MA) and processed to produce one-minute averages and standard deviations for analysis. For the drying and baking furnaces, heating element temperatures were pre-set based on exit string temperatures, determined by optical pyrometry. As seen in commercial fabric-yarn towers, the infrared heater face temperatures are always hotter than the measured fabric temperatures, and unless specified otherwise, temperatures presented here are those of the coated fabric determined by optical pyrometry.
Particle coating with composite shell in a pan granulator
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2022
Andrey A. Lipin, Alexandr G. Lipin
The experimental technique for studying the batch granulation process was as follows. Firstly, particle size distribution (PSD) analysis was performed. Then, the initial sample of urea granules was fed into the pan granulator 1 (Figure 2). An aqueous solution of a binder was fed continuously from a tank 6, using a metering pump 7, into a disk atomizer 8. The atomizer sprayed the solution onto the surface of moving particles. The desired amount of powdery coating material was loaded manually at different time intervals throughout the process. The binder allows the particle surface to adsorb the coating material. The drying and heat treatment of the material was carried out with an infrared heater 9. The tilt angle was varied in the range of 45° to 75°, and the rotation frequency was changed in the range of 30–65 rpm.
Recent developments in hot embossing – a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Swarup S. Deshmukh, Arjyajyoti Goswami
The Tg (glass transition temperature) of the glass substrate is higher than that of the polymer workpiece. So it is necessary to develop the ultrasonic hot embossing setup such that it can withstand that higher temperature. At higher temperatures, the material characteristics of the horn get changed, and it alters the resonating frequency out of the tracking range of the generator. Considering this, Yen-Pin Tsai and coworkers [202] developed an ultrasonic hot embossing setup for a glass substrate, which consisted of a transducer, booster, and two horns with an appropriate cooling arrangement. The infrared heater was used to heat the mold and polymer workpiece. In this work, they investigated deviation in the height of embossed V-groove and Fresnel structure with and without ultrasonic hot embossing (UHE). It was noted that the Te, Pe represented as embossing displacement (downward displacement of the horn) due to the limitation of embossing setup and duration of ultrasonic vibration has a major influence on the replicability of micro-patterns. This vibrational energy cause’s localized heating within the mold and glass workpiece because of which the glass softens easily and flows into small cavities on the mold. It was observed that the height of the embossed micro-patterns increases at a higher value of embossing temperature and displacement in the case of embossing without the assistance of ultrasonic vibrations. With the implementation of ultrasonic-assisted embossing, this height is further increased. To determine the force applied throughout ultrasonic hot embossing of the glass substrate, it is necessary to modify the existing setup.