China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Offshore Wind Turbines
Published in Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Faisal Khan, Rouzbeh Abbassi, Wave Energy Devices, 2022
Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Faisal Khan, Rouzbeh Abbassi
SPAR-type wind turbines use a large single-cylinder structure constructed of steel or concrete and ballasted by water and soil (Athanasia and Genachte, 2013). SPAR-supported wind turbines pose a higher initial cost of the foundation because of their large size. Due to its deep draft, the SPAR platform has a superior heave performance compared with semi-submersibles but has higher pitch and roll movements. The monolithic structures of SPAR are better compared to TLPs and semi-submersibles. One of the main concerns is that SPARs produce considerable wake effects in surface water than semi-submersibles or TLPs with smaller floating features. The first demonstration of SPAR-type platforms is Hywind (Atcheson et al., 2016) and SPAR at NRMI (Utsunomiya et al., 2009). The full-scale prototype of Hywind was installed in 2009 with a 2.3-MW offshore wind turbine in a water depth of about 200 m. The numerical analysis for the dynamic behavior of Hywind is presented in Nielsen et al. (2006) and Skaare et al. (2015). In 2017, Hywind Scotland, the world’s first commercial floating wind power project, was officially commissioned with a 30-MW power generation capacity. Utsunomiya et al. (2009) performed a test at a 1:22.5 scale and analyzed the motion of a prototype SPAR wind turbine under regular and random waves. Studies showed satisfactory performance of the unit.
Installation of pre-assembled offshore floating wind turbine using a floating vessel
Published in C. Guedes Soares, Developments in Renewable Energies Offshore, 2020
M.A.A.A. Hassan, C. Guedes Soares
Most of the offshore wind resource is in waters 60m and deeper in European seas, where floating wind turbines are more economical to developed further. The world’s first floating offshore wind farm started producing electricity off the Scottish coast already in 2017. Hywind Scotland, as the project is known, consists of five huge linked wind turbines which float over deep ocean water while loosely tethered to the sea floor. They were constructed on land in Norway and dragged across the North Sea. In order to increase the operability, the upending and assembly was done at a well-sheltered location. Then the unit was towed to the site and hooked up to the mooring system. In the Hywind installation challenge, and among the proposed innovative installation concepts, there is a preference to favour novel installation vessels and facilities to reduce offshore lifts and operation time.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Published in Vaughn Nelson, Innovative Wind Turbines, 2019
Commercial offshore wind power is currently foundation-based, which limits installation in depths to 50 m. Floating wind power is primarily at the research and development stage and focused on horizontal axis wind turbines [7]. In 1917, the first floating wind farm was installed 24 km off the Aberdeenshire Coast, Scotland. The Hywind Scotland Pilot Park has five, 6 MW Hywind turbines, which are tethered to the sea floor by floating chains, with a weight of 1,323 tons. The total length of the turbine is 253 m, of which 78 m is submerged, and the water depth is 100 m. I strongly recommend watching the video of the Hywind project development and installation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUlfvXaISvc.
Large-scale offshore wind production in the Mediterranean Sea
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
The first floating turbine of the Spar-buoy type was installed off the southwest coast of Karmoy Island, in Norway, by Statoil as part of the “Hywind” pilot project. In October 2017 the world’s first floating wind farm, the 30 megawatt Hywind Scotland, became operating. Hywind Scotland floating offshore wind farm is made up of five 6 MW wind turbines and it is situated 29 km off Peterhead, Scotland. Another full-scale prototype of floating wind turbine is “GOTO-FOWT” developed by the Japanese Ministry of Environment. Several studies have been carried out in recent years on the Spar typology with particular reference to the Hywind turbine prototype and to the GOTO concept (Nielson, Hanson, & Skaare, 2006; Riefolo, Del Jesus, García, Tomasicchio, & Pantusa, 2018; Sethuraman & Venugopal, 2013; Tomasicchio et al., 2017, 2018; Utsunomiya, Nishida, & Sato, 2009).