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The human geographies of coastal sustainability transitions
Published in C. Patrick Heidkamp, John Morrissey, Towards Coastal Resilience and Sustainability, 2018
Offshore wind energy in America is virtually synonymous with the Cape Wind Project. Despite the numerous successes of developing thousands of offshore wind turbines across Europe and the rapid expansion of onshore wind energy in America, the United States has still to develop extensive offshore wind farms. Within the United States, offshore wind energy is a controversial subject with many Americans’ perspectives influenced by the Cape Wind Project (Huffington Post, 2013). The Cape Wind Project is an approved offshore wind farm on Horseshoe Shoal in Nantucket Sound off Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The offshore wind farm, proposed by private developer Cape Wind Associates, is estimated to generate 1,500 GW hour of electricity each year. The first proposal for Cape Wind (in 2001) involved building 170 wind turbines in Nantucket Sound – although this was later changed to 130. The project, if completed, was estimated to become one of the largest offshore wind farms in the world and would significantly contribute to reducing 730,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per year (the equivalent of taking 175,000 cars off the road each year) (Kimmell & Stalenhoef, 2011). The $2.6 billion project was planned with 440-ft-tall intended turbines and projected electricity generation was to be transmitted to the mainland of Cape Cord via cables buried beneath the seabed and would generate 468MW of power, supplying 75% of the electricity needs of Cape Cod, Nantucket Island and Martha’s Vineyard – or roughly 200,000 homes (Kimmell & Stalenhoef, 2011).
Monopile head stiffness for servicibility limit state calculations in assessing the natural frequency of offshore wind turbines
Published in International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2018
Mohammed Hemza Aissa, Djillali Amar Bouzid, Subhamoy Bhattacharya
Although offshore wind farms cost more at the start, they encounter higher wind speeds which mean increased energy production and consequently they have the potential to play an important role in a sustainable future world energy supply. However, a number of challenges are still to be encountered in wind turbine technology. One of those challenges is determining the optimal solution for the design of offshore wind turbine foundations and hence the appropriate determination of the dynamic characteristics of these extremely complex structures.
A preordainment approach for design of auxiliary damping controller and SSSC tuning to enhance SSR mode stability in DFIG based windfarm
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Chirag Rohit, Pranav Darji, Hitesh R. Jariwala
The share of green energy in the global power sector is increasing rapidly. Wind energy is one of the most widely utilized green energy resources [1]. Modern wind turbines are categorized into three categories based on their location and how they connect to the grid: Land-based (onshore) wind farms, offshore wind farms, and distributed wind farms. The nameplate capacity of land-based wind farms averages 250 MW, whereas distributed wind farms have a capacity of up to 50 kW [2]. The offshore wind farms are bulk in size, more vigorous, and produce more power than land-based wind farms. Its capacity range begins at 200 kW and continues to grow significantly [3]. According to the list of biggest offshore wind farms presently under construction, the lowest capacity is 400 MW, and the maximum is 8200 MW [2,4,5]. One of the most prevalent barriers to wind energy integration into the grid is the need for a new transmission line to connect wind farms with high-load locations. As the transmission length increases, the losses related to power transmission and inductive reactance of the transmission line increase [6]. As a result, it becomes difficult to transfer immense power to a large load. In such cases, series capacitors placed in the transmission line directly oppose the inductive reactance of the transmission line, thus reducing the transmission line’s length virtually [7,8]. This approach is inexpensive, and it makes a voltage level through the transmission line constant and therefore improves the system’s performance [9,10]. However, the wide-scale integration of induction generators (IG)-based wind farm integrating with series-compensated transmission network is accused of causing the unfavorable phenomena known as subsynchronous resonance (SSR). According to the survey of various wind power generators connected to series capacitive compensated transmission network, the severity of SSR is outrageous in doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) [11–16]. Thus, the power system needs a suitable controller to operate the system stably and securely.