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The Use of Small Particle Catalysts in Pursuit of Green and Sustainable Chemistry
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
The low-temperature, low-pressure synthesis of NH3 is attractive for applications where a smaller-scale synthetic process provides availability that would significantly enable dedicated application technology.48 Hydrogen has been identified as an energy carrier of the future.49 Due to its low volumetric energy density as a gas at atmospheric conditions, hydrogen must be stored and transported effectively in a material having high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities. Ammonia as a potential hydrogen carrier exhibits superior characteristics related to storage, transportation, and utilization.50 As hydrogen assumes an expected role as part of the energy economy, the importance of ammonia for hydrogen storage may be realized.51 These developments serve to enhance research leading to sustainable and economic synthetic routes to ammonia which may be aided by nanocatalysts.52
2 Conversion to Useful Fuels/Chemicals
Published in Yun Zheng, Bo Yu, Jianchen Wang, Jiujun Zhang, Carbon Dioxide Reduction through Advanced Conversion and Utilization Technologies, 2019
Yun Zheng, Bo Yu, Jianchen Wang, Jiujun Zhang
Formic acid (HCOOH) is a chemical that is widely used in textiles, food chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It also has potential to be a hydrogen carrier and fuel that can be directly used for fuel cells. Formic acid is a high-value product because it has a concentrated, mature, and small market with low risk of substitution.12 The process of CO2 utilization for formic acid production is shown in Figure 15.3a, with the installed and operating costs of this plant also being depicted in Figure 15.3b and c. Forty-three percent of the total installed cost is for electrolysis, and the remaining costs are for the compression and separation processes. Utilities and consumables such as steam and electricity are the main contributors to operating costs. The revenue of formic acid and other by-products are approximately 50% of the production costs. Therefore, more research, including R&D for electrolyzers, coupling with renewable energies, as well as developments of other related technologies to lower the cost for CO2 conversion to produce formic acid, is needed.
2 to Basic Chemicals and Fuels
Published in Ashok Kumar, Swati Sharma, 2 Utilization, 2020
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi
A hydrogen carrier should have a high hydrogen content and should be easily decomposed to CO-free hydrogen, which is necessary for fuel cell-driven vehicle. Formic acid is desirable for this application. Methanol can also produce hydrogen by SR over Cu-based catalyst.
NH3 vs. CH4 autoignition: A comparison of chemical dynamics
Published in Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2021
Dimitris M. Manias, Dimitris G. Patsatzis, Dimitrios C. Kyritsis, Dimitris A. Goussis
Intuitively, ammonia could be viewed as a potentially attractive fuel, especially in the context of the current strong societal interest in carbon-neutral power generation. Given the recent emergence of the solar electrolysis of water, ammonia could in principle be produced with zero carbon trace from atmospheric nitrogen and water. It can be liquified at reasonable pressures and temperatures (−33C at atmospheric pressure and approximately 10 bar at usual room temperature [1]) and therefore managed relatively easily. Because of its extensive use as a fertiliser, there are considerable know-how and extensive networks for its reliable and safe distribution. The actual toxicity of ammonia is practically inconsequential, because its intense pungent odour makes it easily detectable at concentration levels well below its IDLH threshold. In its liquid form, it is perhaps the ideal hydrogen carrier, since it can provide energy per unit volume that is higher than the one of pure, liquified hydrogen [2]. When compared to hydrocarbons and hydrogen, ammonia is suggested to be the least expensive automotive fuel in terms of cost per 100 km of driving range, because of the possibility for its simultaneous use as engine coolant [3]. Notably, its (severely limited, as we will immediately see) flammability was the main reason for the interruption of its early use as a practically universal refrigerant for domestic applications.