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The Smart Grid as an Integrated Grid
Published in Clark W. Gellings, Smart Grid Planning and Implementation, 2020
However the actual value of connectivity to the grid for customers which choose to generate electricity locally is not well understood. Without connectivity to the grid, the reliability and capability of the consumer’s power system would be diminished unless substantial investments were made in the local power system to achieve equivalence of service quality to what the grid provides. The grid provides electrical support to consumer installations. Connection to the grid, called interconnection or grid connectivity, provides substantial improvements in power quality, reliability and generator operating economics as well as in voltage and frequency regulation, harmonic distortion, efficiency, and operating costs. Figure 4-16 illustrates the primary benefits of grid connectivity. From an operating perspective, this support enables the robustness of the electric infrastructure to provide the following:
Electrical Distribution Systems
Published in Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, William J. Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, William J. Kennedy
“The grid,” refers to the electric grid, a network of transmission lines, substations, transformers and more that deliver electricity from the power plant to your home or business. It’s what you plug into when you flip on your light switch or power up your computer. Our current electric grid was built in the 1890s and improved upon as technology advanced through each decade. Today, it consists of more than 9,200 electric generating units with more than 1 million megawatts of generating capacity connected to more than 300,000 miles of transmission lines. Although the electric grid is considered an engineering marvel, we are stretching its patchwork nature to its capacity. To move forward, we need a new kind of electric grid, one that is built from the bottom up to handle the groundswell of digital and computerized equipment and technology dependent on it—and one that can automate and manage the increasing complexity and needs of electricity in the 21st century.
Smart Building Energy Systems
Published in Moncef Krarti, Energy Audit of Building Systems, 2020
The reliability of a grid to meet electricity needs of its customers depend on several factors, including their generation, transmission, and distribution power capacities but also the abilities of its operators to match electricity demands with power supplies at different timescales and conditions. The grid ancillary services assist the operators to maintain the balance between demand and supply as well as to recover during any unforeseen power system events. The main ancillary services include typically regulation and contingency reserves: Regulation reserves are used to adjust any short-term imbalances between electrical demands and supplies through adjusting the operation of generators and/or demand levels.Contingency reserves are considered for events when there is an increase of electricity demands or a decrease in power supplies. Typically these contingency reserves are classified as (i) spinning or synchronized reserves when operating generators are used and as (ii) non-spinning reserves or unsynchronized reserves when idle generators are operated. Contingency reserves are typically required for events with several minutes time frame and can be provided by demand management programs.
A State-of-the-Art Review on Electric Power Systems and Digital Transformation
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
The concept of microgrids has gained attention in recent years as a solution for localized, sustainable energy generation and distribution. Microgrids are small-scale power systems that can operate independently or in conjunction with a larger power grid. The primary drivers behind their development are the growing use of renewable energy sources, the need for more resilient and secure power systems, and a desire for greater energy independence and control. The terms "distributed generation" and "microgrid" are often used interchangeably in literature, leading to confusion about the exact meaning of each term. The distinction between them is important as it highlights the differences in scale, energy sources, control, and purpose. However, due to the overlapping features of these two concepts, they are often used interchangeably, leading lack of clear understanding about the unique characteristics of each. A comparison between the distributed generation and the microgrid is given in Table 3.
PKIF-AKA: A Public Key Infrastructure Free Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for Smart Grid Communication
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Sachin Choudhary, Abhimanyu Kumar, Krishan Kumar
Over the years traditional power grid has given services to people which depends on a constant increment in power utilization. A smart grid is a state-of-the-art power grid that offers two-way communication between the utility and its customers. It consists of controls, computers, automation, new technologies, and equipment working together to respond to the quickly changing electric demand. The smart grid enables smart meters (SM) and a communication network that gives two-way communication between the service provider and the control center. As a result, the transmission and distribution of electricity are optimized [1]. In the smart grid, the smart meter gathers the consumption data of the customer's home and has to forward this electricity consumption data to the service provider securely. The electricity consumption report provided by a smart meter to the service provider strengthens efficient demand–supply distribution. The convergence of conventional power grid to smart grid brings a wide range of new security challenges that temper the privacy of the customer [2,3].
Assessment of the optimum location and hosting capacity of distributed solar PV in the southern interconnected grid (SIG) of Cameroon
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Chu Donatus Iweh, Samuel Gyamfi, Emmanuel Tanyi, Eric Effah-Donyina
Grid stability is the ability of the grid to sustain an operational equilibrium state after being perturbed (Rodriguez and Amaratunga 2004). After perturbations, the machine’s rotor will swing before the governor intervenes. During the governor intervention, the rotor will oscillate until the machine’s state of synchronism is lost. A power system with a stable voltage implies that the system is able to sustain steady bus voltages in the network after perturbation from the initial operating conditions (Kundur et al. 2004). Perturbations could be small (changes in the daily load) or large (the outage of an equipment). Figure 1 shows the system stability versus time curve. The perturbations may last from less than a second to several minutes, potentially causing either short-term or long-term voltage instability issues (Kundur et al. 2004). For voltage stability issues that last for short-term periods, their common causes include rapid variation in loads such as loads that are controlled by electronic means, induction motors and HVDC converters. Alternatively, voltage stability issues that last for long-term periods have common causes such as components with a slow response capability like loads controlled by thermostatic means, tap changing transformers and current limiters at the level of the generator. The origin of these long-term instabilities stems from insufficient reactive power at buses or other parts of the grid (Andersson 2008) extending for several minutes.