China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Application
Published in Andrew Braham, Sadie Casillas, Fundamentals of Sustainability in Civil Engineering, 2020
Geothermal energy is a non-polluting, renewable energy source which reduces the fossil fuel energy demand, thus reducing CO2 emissions (Fragaszy et al., 2011). Due to stability of temperature when compared to outside air temperatures, the ground below a depth of about 20 ft (6 meters) can be utilized for heating and cooling buildings (Olgun et al., 2012). In the long term, these systems have been shown to result in energy cost savings of up to 80% in typical buildings (Hamada et al., 2001). Additionally, geothermal systems can be operated without risk as the low temperature and pressure in the heat carrier circuits are considered to be more hygienic and quieter than conventional air conditioning systems, and reduce dependence on external energy imports which can be dependent on economic or political situations (Brandl, 2016).
Modular Systems for Energy Conservation and Efficiency
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management, 2020
Along with solar energy, geothermal energy systems are a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuel systems for homes. In the case of geothermal energy, the installed system can provide a residential or commercial space with efficient, cost-effective heating or cooling with low emissions [35]. The earth’s resources are abundant and heat energy that is stored just below the earth’s crust provides untapped potential for energy conversion with limited ground disturbance focusing on geothermal in indirect heating and cooling applications for residential settings. Indirect heating and cooling systems gather energy from low-temperature geothermal resources. Low-temperature resources are of interest because it is the most accessible resource around the world. In addition, it needs minimal area and depth to extract heat energy [34, 36]. Geothermal energy can be used in a wide range of applications from electricity, to direct heating, to indirect heating, and cooling [36]. These systems operate by using the low temperature from the ground and raising it through a series of compressors and pumps to the desired temperature for heating or cooling uses. Geothermal energy is most useful for home HVAC system through geothermal heat pumps. Unlike wind energy (not often used for homes) which can generate power, geothermal energy can generate both power and heating/cooling for homes.
Geothermal Energy
Published in Radian Belu, Fundamentals and Source Characteristics of Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
During the last century, several countries started to use geothermal energy, as it becomes economically competitive with other energy sources. Moreover, the geothermal energy is in some regions, the only energy source available locally. Geothermal energy is present on Earth from two main sources: Heat, flowing upward and outward across the entire Earth’ surface from its interior radioactive decay. However, for most of Earth areas, this energy flux is too small to be useful for any application.The localized heat resulting from the movement of magma into the Earth’s crust. In some areas, the localized heat, with higher temperatures and heat fluxes, is found between the surface and about 3500 m (or 10,000 ft) depth. When they meet the requisite conditions, geothermal energy can be used for multiple purposes such as generating power and providing heat and hot water for buildings and industrial processes.
Renewable energy scenario in Telangana
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
D. Madan, P. Mallesham, Suresh Sagadevan, C. Veeramani
Geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable source of energy. According to different hypotheses, the earth has a molten core. Its temperature is 60,000°C. Owing to gradual decomposing of long half-life radioactive isotopes such as uranium and potassium, heat is produced in the earth core. The high-temperature rock layer may be found a couple kilometres beneath the earth’s surface. Beneath that layer, there is a layer with hot and intensely high temperatures of molten rocks. It is called magma. The solidifying magma bodies continuously release heat to the surrounding rocks. Under the right condition, when water penetrates into these heated rock zones, heat energy is exchanged on a working liquid, which works as the power cycle. Owing to the heat exchange being not uniform over that earth’s surface, in some areas of the earth boiling hot water also comes out naturally above the surface of the earth. It occurs more in active tectonic plate boundaries. Besides, volcanic activity also transports high-temperature molten material near to the surface of the earth.
A comprehensive review of geothermal energy evolution and development
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
M. Soltani, F. Moradi Kashkooli, A.R. Dehghani-Sanij, A. Nokhosteen, A. Ahmadi-Joughi, K. Gharali, S.B. Mahbaz, M.B. Dusseault
Geothermal energy accounted for a small portion of worldwide primary energy consumption, 75 TWh of electrical energy, less than 1% of worldwide production (WEC 2016). Although statistics illustrate that geothermal energy contributes less than other carbon-free sources such as solar, it has certain advantages nonetheless that make it an attractive solution for future energy development. Some of these advantages include consistency, a vast amount of untapped potential, widespread availability (at depth) and a wide range of possible applications, particularly wherever power and heat in some proportions are needed (Lund 1999a). Geothermal energy use dates as far back as 10,000 years, with modern applications dating from the first commercial power plant in 1913 in Larderello, Italy (Ibid.). By 1980, 14 countries reported total worldwide geothermal-installed electrical capacity of 2,110 MWe and installed capacity for direct-use had reached 1,905 MWt (Ibid.). During the period 1980 to 1990, electrical capacity and direct-use grew by an annual rate of 10.7% and 15.2%, respectively (Ibid.). In the early 1990s, direct-use capacity had reached 8,064 MWt and the number of countries with production capacities had grown to 30. At the same time, installed electrical capacity had also grown to 5,832 MWe (Ibid.), although only 19 countries were producing electrical energy through geothermal systems.
Sustainable development of Turkey: Deployment of geothermal resources for carbon capture, utilization, and storage
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Mustafa Safa Kırlı, Murat Fahrioğlu
Geothermal energy is a renewable resource whose source is inexhaustible heat energy of the earth, and it has a wide range of uses such as electricity generation and direct usage regarding energy demand without threatening the environment. Turkey started to deploy geothermal energy in the 1960s with the discovery of Kizildere field, and it was reported that 95% of Turkey’s geothermal potential was suitable for direct-use because of low-medium enthalpy (Mertoglu et al. 2010) with the present theoretical thermal capacity of 31,500 MWt (MENR n.d.). Geothermal energy utilization has evolved in water dominated hydrothermal fields since the 1960s and Turkey has become one of the top five countries in direct use such as greenhouse and residential heating (MENR n.d.) thanks to tailored and facilitated investments during the period between 2002 and 2017 (Table 3).