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The North American bulk electric system
Published in Fred I. Denny, David E. Dismukes, Power System Operations and Electricity Markets, 2017
Fred I. Denny, David E. Dismukes
From an electrical point of view, there are three systems in North America. These systems are called “interconnections.” They are: The Western Interconnection, generally including the states west of the Rocky Mountains and the Western Canadian provinces.The ERCOT Interconnection, including most of Texas. ERCOT does not have synchronous interconnections to other states and is not under the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).The Eastern Interconnection, including the Eastern Canadian provinces and most of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains.
Frequency and Voltage Control
Published in Antonio Gómez-Expósito, Antonio J. Conejo, Claudio Cañizares, Electric Energy Systems, 2017
Göran Andersson, Carlos Álvarez Bel, Claudio Cañizares
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is the entity nowadays in charge of setting reliability standards, which include basic frequency and voltage control requirements for the interconnected North American power grid. The system under NERC’s purview, which provides approximately 4800 TWh/year of electricity to nearly 400 million people, is basically divided into eight regions, each one under the purview of a regional reliability coordinator, as shown in Figure 9.2. The figure shows that the system is divided into four asynchronous systems interconnected through High Voltage dc (HVDC) links, namely: The western interconnection, which covers most of the Western part of North America, from British Columbia and Alberta in the north to California and a small part of Baja California, Mexico, in the south, and from east of the Rocky Mountains in the east to the Pacific coast in the west.The eastern interconnection includes most of the rest of Canada and the United States, from Ontario and Quebec in the north to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico in the south, and from east of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Atlantic coast in the east. The east and west systems are interconnected through relatively small back-to-back HVDC links.Most of Texas is served by a grid interconnected with both east and west systems through back-to-back HVDC links.The province of Quebec is connected to the rest of the eastern interconnection through major HVDC links.
Frequency and Voltage Control
Published in Antonio Gómez-Expósito, Antonio J. Conejo, Claudio A. Cañizares, Electric Energy Systems, 2018
Claudio A. Cañizares, Carlos Álvarez Bel, Göran Andersson
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is the entity nowadays in charge of setting reliability standards, which include basic frequency and voltage control requirements for the interconnected North American power grid. The system under NERC's purview, which provides approximately 4800 TWh/year of electricity to nearly 400 million people, is basically divided into eight regions, each one under the purview of a regional reliability coordinator, as shown in Figure 9.2. The figure shows that the system is divided into four asynchronous systems interconnected through High-Voltage DC (HVDC) links, namely: The western interconnection, which covers most of the western part of North America, from British Columbia and Alberta in the north to California and a small part of Baja California, Mexico, in the south, and from east of the Rocky Mountains in the east to the Pacific coast in the west.The eastern interconnection includes most of the rest of Canada and the United States, from Ontario and Quebec in the north to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico in the south, and from east of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Atlantic coast in the east. The east and west systems are interconnected through relatively small back-to-back HVDC links.Most of Texas is served by a grid interconnected with both east and west systems through back-to-back HVDC links.The province of Quebec is connected to the rest of the eastern interconnection through major HVDC links.
Backup capacity coordination with renewable energy certificates in a regional electricity market
Published in IISE Transactions, 2018
Yingjue Zhou, Tieming Liu, Chaoyue Zhao
Coordination in electricity markets has been studied for a long time. The recent rise of renewable power motivates more research in this area, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources requiring more coordination between power suppliers. Andersen and Lund (2007) study how to integrate fluctuating renewable power supplies into power systems by using combined heat and power plants as backups. They focus on the methodologies and computer tools necessary to optimize the participants’ market decisions. Klessmann et al. (2010) discuss three coordination mechanisms, including transferring RECs between regions, to assist European countries to achieve the RPS target of reaching 20% in 2020. Milligan et al. (2010) evaluate important factors to improve electricity systems’ ability to absorb renewable power. By studying the Eastern Interconnection electricity markets of the United States, they show how large and responsive energy markets can help the integration of renewable electricity. Vandezande et al. (2010) discuss the market structure for backup power. They suggest that a two-part tariff payment, one for backup capacity and one for backup power, is appropriate to build a well-functioning market. Lee et al. (2012) explore potential synergies of natural gas and renewable energy in the U.S. power sector and discuss how to design the market mechanism to benefit from collaborative engagement. Although the above literature discusses many aspects of coordination between power suppliers, none of them provide mathematical analysis to support their conclusions. Particularly, the potential of coordination mechanisms based on offering RECs has not yet been fully discussed. In this article, we fill these voids by mathematically analyzing the coordination mechanism between renewable suppliers and conventional suppliers based on offering RECs. This coordination model mathematically validates and also provides an innovative approach to implement the two-part tariff payment coordination mechanism suggested by Vandezande et al. (2010).