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Electric Energy Systems
Published in Antonio Gómez-Expósito, Antonio J. Conejo, Claudio A. Cañizares, Electric Energy Systems, 2018
Ignacio J. Pérez-Arriaga, Hugh Rudnick, Michel Rivier Abbad
At the retail level, consumers who are unable to choose their supplier have to purchase their energy at the regulated rate from the assigned trading company, which is typically closely related to the distributor to which they are physically connected. In most regulations, the company may be the same with separate accounting. Depending on the specific regulation, and normally for a transitory period, consumers who have the right to choose may be permitted to continue to purchase the energy from their original trading company at the corresponding regulated rate. Trading to consumers who do not have the option to choose, or to those who being able to choose are permitted to continue to pay at a regulated rate, is a regulated activity, which is paid for according to acknowledged costs and subject to standards of quality in the services provided to the client. Consumers with the right to choose may turn to any trading company to contract their electricity supply at a price that is freely negotiated between them. Such a price shall include the regulated rates for the transmission services and the distribution network to which they are connected, as well as other regulated charges that are applicable in each actual regulation and are adequately settled by the trading company. The price for the trading service and for the energy is freely set by the trading company. Consequently, the sale to consumers who have the right to choose is a nonregulated activity basically intended to manage risk. Indeed it is a business with very high monetary cash flow and a reduced margin of benefits based on the presumably high competition in the activity, which largely depends on adequate wholesale purchase management and its adjustment to negotiated supply contracts with qualified consumers.
Locational marginal price based optimal placement of DG using stochastic radial basis function
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
In a DM structure, DGs play a very significant role. DGs can offer freedom and stability for users, based on the criticality of the load. In Transmission and Distribution (T&D) infrastructure, it can reduce the investment by placing DG nearby the burden (Kumar, Dutta, and Xie 2011). That has the ability for voltage control to act as an ancillary service. DG is ideally suited to systems for demand aspect control. It also helps in reducing the burden on the central generation. With the strategy of liberalizing the electricity wholesale and retail industry, consumers have multiple opportunities and various new deals from many non-regulated power distributors. Due to ongoing advances in DG technology, it may be possible to offer customers cost-effective energy. T&D upgrades can be delayed by utility-operated DG and can thus be a safer choice in the scheduling procedure.