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Charged-Particle (Activation) Analysis
Published in Zeev B. Alfassi, Max Peisach, Elemental Analysis by Particle Accelerators, 2020
J. P. Friedel Sellschop, Harold J. Annegarn
The charge that the particles carry is positive; hence a minimum energy is required to overcome the Coulomb barrier presented by the positively charged nucleus. For a particle of charge ze and a target nucleus of charge Ze, a good approximation for the Coulomb barrier is () Ec=zZe2(R1+R2) where the radius of the interaction of particles with radii R1 and R2 is usually taken to be () R=(R1+R2)=R0(A11/3+A21/3)
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Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[general] Because of the charge distribution of the nucleus, an electric potential barrier is created that can be accessed by tunneling or under fusion the kinetic energy of the incident particle needs to exceed the coulomb barrier. For fusion to overcome the electric repulsion, the fusing particle will need to get close enough to allow for the attractive nuclear strong force to be activated. The energy barrier is derived from the electrostatic potential energy: UCoulomb=(1/4πϵ0)(q1q2/r)=(1/4πϵ0)(Z1Z2e2/r), where ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space, r is the separation between the two charges q1 and q2, with the charge magnitude defined by the atomic number Z (also seequantum tunneling).
Perspectives
Published in Ivan G. Draganić, Zorica D. Draganić, Jean-Pierre Adloff, Radiation and Radioactivity on Earth and Beyond, 2020
Ivan G. Draganić, Zorica D. Draganić, Jean-Pierre Adloff
Nuclear fusion is a reaction between light atomic nuclei which lead to formation of a heavier nucleus and the release of an important amount of energy. One way to fusion is penetrating the Coulomb barrier by force, by giving the nuclei a huge amount of kinetic energy. This usually requires heating the particles to tens of millions degrees. The process operates in the stars (Chapter 5) and was demonstrated on Earth with the explosion of the first thermonuclear device. The other way is to try to screen one nucleus from the repulsive effects of the other by binding the nuclei with a particle of opposite charge. The muonic hydrogen atom may be the right tool.
A Preliminary Proposal for a Hybrid Lattice Confinement Fusion–Fission Reactor for Mobile Nuclear Power Plants
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2022
Luciano Ondir Freire, Delvonei Alves de Andrade
Nuclear fusion reactors do not need neutrons to start a reaction, and their residuals are not harmful like with fission reactors; in addition, nuclear fusion reactors are able to use abundant isotopes in nature. However, fusion reactions generate neutrons and require complex and expensive technologies to make the nuclei overcome the Coulomb barrier. Another issue is the need of tritium as a fuel because it is currently expensive.
Evolution of Rutherford’s ion beam science to applied research activities at GNS Science
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
John V. Kennedy, William Joseph Trompetter, Peter P. Murmu, Jerome Leveneur, Prasanth Gupta, Holger Fiedler, Fang Fang, John Futter, Chris Purcell
Nuclear reactions are in-elastic interactions that occur for some combinations of target nuclei and particle beams that can penetrate the Coulomb barrier. For an incident particle to react with a target nucleus, it must have sufficient energy to overcome their electrostatic repulsion. Symbolically a nuclear reaction can be written as: