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Renewable energy
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
The potential for greater use of geothermal is likely, using binary cycle power plants that can run with less heat, as well as improvements in drilling and extraction technology. We consider these new developments along with other alternative fuel technologies that are under development in Chapter 10 to follow.
Energy and Environment
Published in T.M. Aggarwal, Environmental Control in Thermal Power Plants, 2021
Geothermal electric stations have until recently been built exclusively where high temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range. Demonstration projects are operational in Landau-Pfalz, Germany, and Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, while an earlier effort in Basel, Switzerland was shut down after it triggered earthquakes. Other demonstration projects are under construction in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
Green Power
Published in A.J. Pansini, K.D. Smalling, Guide to Electric Power Generation, 2020
Geothermal power plants may be classified by their mode of operation. When steam is used directly, it is termed a Dry Steam Power Plant (Figure 9-13). When hot water is sprayed in a tank at lower pressure than the water, it may cause the water to turn into steam, or ‘flash’ that drives a turbine turning a generator, and is termed a Flash Steam Power Plant (Figure 9-14). When the hot water is used to preheat water to be turned into steam in a boiler, using heat exchangers for this purpose, the plant is known as a Binary Cycle Power Plant; most geothermal power plants are of the binary cycle type (Figure 9-15).
Environmental and human health impacts of geothermal exploitation in China and mitigation strategies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yuanan Hu, Hefa Cheng, Shu Tao
To avoid the difficulties encountered in reinjection of extracted geothermal fluids and prevent the releases of dissolved and gaseous components, various technologies that extract heat only from geothermal reservoirs have been developed. While the early generation of geothermal power plants are mostly based on steam-powered technology, new plants are increasingly adopting binary cycle to generate electricity (Clark et al., 2011). By heating and vaporizing a secondary working fluid (typically an organic liquid with low boiling point), which subsequently spins the generator turbine, using the heat of geothermal fluid in a heat exchanger, binary cycle plants can efficiently generate electricity from low- to medium-temperature geothermal sources (Figure S7a). After flowing through the heat exchanger, the cooled geothermal fluid in binary cycle power plants is completely reinjected back into the reservoir. The recently constructed geothermal power plant (16 MW) at Yangyi in Tibet adopted binary cycle technology (using isopentane as the working fluid) (Zhu, 2018), making it the first geothermal power plant in China that operates in closed-loop. In geothermal district heating, geothermal water can also be used to heat a working fluid that subsequently carries the heat from a central location to blocks of buildings through a network of pipes (Figure S7b). Compared to the direct use of hot water from the geothermal wells, binary cycle systems not only sustain the reservoir life and productivity, but also minimize the environmental releases of dissolved species and non-condensable gases (Finster et al., 2015).
Extraction schemes to harness geothermal energy from puga geothermal field, India
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Based on the functionality involved in the operation, geothermal plants are classified into three types. These include dry steam plants, flash steam plants, and binary cycle power plants. In dry steam plants, the steam that is extracted from deeper zones of a geothermal reservoir is used to impart motion in the blades of the turbine. Whereas in flash steam plants, the high-pressure hot water which is extracted from deeper zones is converted into steam and is further used for the functioning of turbines. Besides this, in binary cycle plant, the heat energy associated with the extracted thermal water is used to heat a secondary fluid which is converted into vapor and helps to drive the generator. The capital cost involved in setting up a geothermal plant is site-specific and resource-specific. It primarily depends on resource temperature, chemical characteristics of thermal water and thermos-hydro-geological parameters of reservoir site. In addition to these parameters site accessibility, the topography of the geothermal site, local weather conditions, land type, and ownership also influences the cost of the geothermal field. The typical cost of main equipment based on the experience of experts is evident from literature as shown in Table 8.
Energy utilisation in a combined geothermal and organic Rankine power cycles
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2019
Yousef S. H. Najjar, Ala’ E. Qatramez
For medium-temperature heat sources, which are the most commonly available, binary cycle power plants usually generate electricity from these resources. Example of binary plants are Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina cycle (Liu, Chien, and Wang 2002; Mohnaty and Paloso 1992; Yamamoto et al. 2006; Hung 2001; Najjar 2000; Najjar 2002; Najjar and Wite 2014; Najjar and Abu Baker 2015). In binary cycle the water from the geothermal source never comes in contact with the turbine rather it is used to heat and vapourise a secondary fluid which is used to drive a turbine. Compared to water-based cycles, ORCs have a lot of advantages in applications in which a low temperature heat source is used (such as higher thermal efficiency and lower working fluid mass flow) (Badr, O’Callaghan, and Probert 1990; Kalina and Leibowitz 1989; Desideri and Bidini 1997; Hung, Shai, and Wang 1997; Subbiah and Natarajen 1988; Angelino and Paliano 1998).