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Stability and construction of the 16th century Mexican rubble masonry vaults in Jiutepec Morelos
Published in João Mascarenhas-Mateus, Ana Paula Pires, Manuel Marques Caiado, Ivo Veiga, History of Construction Cultures, 2021
Jiutepec stands in the neo volcanic axis, a region which supplied large quantities of volcanic rock, particularly volcanic scoria banks. A great variety of volcanic scoria is known as Tezontle. 18th century builders in New Spain, as described in the manuscript “Architectura mechanica”, called this rock a “divine material” (Cortés 2019). Tezontle is a very light porous rock, and it has been the primary construction material for monumental buildings in this region since Pre-Hispanic times, along with earthen constructions. It was used as a rock covering in monumental buildings with a lime mortar-based coating that was finished in a thin layer of lime-based paint.
Electrochemically Assisted Artificial Wetlands, Generating Electricity From Wastewater Treatment
Published in María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa, Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta, Josep M. Bayona, Artificial or Constructed Wetlands, 2018
María Guadalupe Salinas-Juárez
The ion transport requires the minimum electric resistance, as minimum as possible (Harnisch and Schroder 2009); however, soil blocks the proton migration through the support matrix. For that reason, in diverse experiments a graphite bed is employed as plant support. In other experiments, tezontle was used as support media, determining that a graphite bed gives higher stability in power produced (Salinas-Juarez et al. 2016). Tezontle is a volcanic slag commonly used in Mexico for constructed wetlands (tezontle is also a Nahuatl or Aztec name, tetl=stone and tzontli=light as hair).
Changes in the nitrification-denitrification capacity of pilot-scale partially saturated vertical flow wetlands (with corncob in the free-drainage zone) after two years of operation
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Aarón Del Toro Farías, Florentina Zurita Martínez
The systems are fully described in Del Toro et al. (2019) who evaluated the systems during the first year of operation. Briefly, two PS VF wetlands in duplicate (SI and SII) were in operation since March 2017 and were evaluated after two years in operation, for six months, from March to September 2019. Their dimensions were 48 cm length x 48 cm width x 70 cm height with a FDZ (the zone through which the wastewater drained freely) of 40 cm and a SZ (the permanently flooded zone, through a water level control) of 30 cm. The SZ of the systems were filled with tezontle, an abundant volcanic rock in Mexico. In the FDZ of SI, a 20 cm-bed of corncob was placed immediately above the SZ and then, a 20-cm bed of ground tezontle was added; in SII, the order of the two beds was the opposite (Figure 1). The systems were intermittently fed with a flow rate of 4.2 L every 3 h (8 pulses per day) of pretreated wastewater generated in the laboratories (that includes three laboratories in which there is a high use of bacterial culture media) and restrooms inside the university; the hydraulic loading rate was 145.8 mm d−1. Each PS VF wetland was planted with one individual of Iris sibirica.