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Valve and Actuator Technology for the Offshore Industry
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
An FPSO is a kind of ship that can produce, store and offload produced hydrocarbon, such as oil, to a pipeline or tanker. Oil and gas go through a series of processes, which are all done on board the ship, before being transferred to storage. As illustrated in Figure 5.7, an FPSO is used to develop and produce oil and gas in subsea areas at depths of 3,000 m or more. The first step is to drill the subsea well and transfer the three phases of oil, gas and water from the wellhead to the FPSO through flowlines. The first step of production on the platform or FPSO takes place in a separation unit. A separator is a type of pressure vessel used to separate the three phases of oil, gas and water from each other. The separation can be achieved in one, two or three stages, in which one, two or three separators are used for the separation process, respectively. The produced oil can be stored for a period of time before being transported from the separator to a pipeline or tanker. If the amount of produced oil is high, then a pipeline is a more suitable choice for further oil transportation from the FPSO. All the piping, valves and actuators in this case are located topside, on the deck of the FPSO. Since some valves and actuators are used subsea and thus immersed in the water, the next section provides some general information about subsea oil and gas development.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Published in Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont, Water Resource Management Issues, 2019
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
The configuration of the oil-water separators is that of a flow-through tank. The basic principle by which oil-water separators work is the differential between the specific gravities of water and the oils to be removed. Because the oils have lower specific gravities, they will rise to the top of the unit, and the heavier water sinks to the bottom. An important consideration in the separator design is the oil globule size because Stokes’ law for terminal velocity of spheres in a liquid medium will determine the rate at which the oil rises. Retaining baffles and skimmers capture the oil compounds as the separated water leaves the tank. Sludge collectors can be used to scrape the bottom of the tank to remove any settled solids.
Offshore Production
Published in Sukumar Laik, Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production, 2018
Produced wellhead fluids are complex mixtures of different compounds of hydrogen and carbon all with different densities, vapour pressures and other physical characteristics. As the well fluid flows from the hot, high pressure petroleum reservoir, it experiences pressure and temperature reductions. Gases evolve from the liquids and the well stream changes in character. The gas carries the liquid droplets and the liquid carries gas bubbles. The physical separation of these phases is the main function of ‘oil and gas separator.’ In oil field terminology, a separator is a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids coming directly from oil or a gas well or a group of wells into gaseous and liquid components.
Strategic development and performance evaluation of functionalized tea waste ash-clay composite as low-cost, high-performance separator in microbial fuel cell
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Anusha Vempaty, Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya
Nafion 117®, the most used ion-exchange membrane in MFCs has some notable limitations, like high-water uptake, high cost, delicacy, biofouling, and thermal instability [7,37], which makes it unsuitable for long-term, large-scale applications. Separators having low-cost, low-maintenance, high mechanical strength, high chemical and mechanical stability are in demand, especially in scaled-up systems. Researchers have used various materials of natural origin as a separator, like agar [38], and eggshell [39], however, these are biodegradable and are not suitable for the longer run. Chakraborty et al. [9] developed a low-cost separator using poly vinyl alcohol as base and sulphonated biochar as cation exchanger (SBC-600) and showed higher proton conductivity and power output in comparison to Nafion suggesting that by strategic development of separator, higher performance can be achieved at a very low cost [9]. However, poly vinyl alcohol faces high cost and lower mechanical strength.
Study on multilayered liquids sloshing tank subjected to sway and roll excitation
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
Sunny Kumar Poguluri, Il Hyoung Cho
Numerous studies have been conducted on the dynamic response of liquid storage tanks with a free surface subjected to resonant excitation of the tank liquid. The majority of previous studies focused on tanks with a single liquid [1–7]. However, in several cases, the density of the tank content is not uniform, such as crude oil separation on any floating production units (namely, FPSO, semi-submersible, and tension leg platform). The efficiency of these units can delay oil production due to sloshing [8]. During oil production, oil separators are used to separate the gas, oil, and water. Appropriate handling of gas/oil and oil/water separation based on wave-induced floater motion is a critical issue. To achieve desirable oil separation performance and avoid potential hazards, accurate estimation of the sloshing motion of multilayered liquid interfaces and corresponding pressure impact is required for reliable and economical design [8,9].
Evaluation of electrospun PVA/SiO2 nanofiber separator membranes for lithium-ion batteries
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
Separators prevent short circuiting by impeding the physical contact of electrodes at the same time they allow Li ions movement between electrodes during charging and de-charging cycles. Appropriate thickness, suitable pore size, good chemical/thermal stability, and high Li+ ion permeability are some requirements of separators. Microporous polyolefin based membranes have been used as separators. However, their poor thermal stability and low porosity limit their electrochemical performance. At elevated temperatures, separators with low thermal stability could cause some safety issues. Designing separator with highly porous structure and high thermal stability are crucial for high performance lithium ion batteries (Li et al. 2017; Ma et al. 2017; Xia et al. 2019; Xu et al. 2017).