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Aggregates
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Civil Engineering Materials, 2020
Normal-weight aggregates are common gravels, stones, ordinary sand, etc. Some of the natural lightweight aggregates are pumice, scoria, and tuff. Pumice is volcanic glass, typically whitish gray to yellow in color, and is found in volcanic areas. Scoria also comes from volcanic activities but is red or black in color. Lightweight aggregates can also be produced by expansion, using heat such as blast-furnace slag, expanded shale, expanded slate, expanded clay, expanded perlite, vermiculite, and so on. The raw materials are heated at about 2,000 °F (1,100°C) and cooled down, producing very porous, highly absorptive, and lighter aggregates. Some natural heavyweight aggregates are mineral ores and barites. Mineral ores include hematite, magnetite, limonite, etc. Manufactured steel punching, shots, bars, etc. are also heavyweight aggregates.
Materials and components for masonry
Published in Peter Domone, John Illston, Construction Materials, 2018
Manufactured lightweight aggregates, including sintered pfa, expanded clay and foamed slag have been described in Chapter 25. Other lightweight aggregates used particularly for unit manufacture are: Furnace clinker, a partially fused ash from the bottom of solid fuelled industrial furnaces.Furnace bottom ash. Most large modern furnaces, especially those used to raise steam in power stations, burn finely ground coal dust as a dust/ air mixture. A proportion of the fine ash particles suspended in the gas stream sinter together to form larger particles which fall to the base of the furnace.Perlite, volcanic ash that is deposited as a fine glassy dust that can be converted to a lightweight aggregate by hot sintering.Pumice, a light foamed rock formed when volcanic lava cools. It is normally imported from volcanic regions such as Italy.
Igneous Rocks
Published in F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas, A Geology for Engineers, 2017
F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas
Pumice is a very vesicular ‘lava froth’, with a spongelike texture due to escaping gases, making the rock so light as to float on water. It may have the composition of rhyolite or may be basic in character (black pumice). Pumice is used as a light-weight aggregate for concrete.
Formulation and use of manufactured soils: A major use for organic and inorganic wastes
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
R. J. Haynes, Y.-F. Zhou, X. Weng
There are a number of materials derived from volcanic activity that are used particularly in container mixes. These include (a) pumice which is a spongy, porous form of volcanic glass, (b) perlite which is an amorphous volcanic glass formed from hydration of obsidian which when crushed and heat-treated forms an expanded light-weight product and (c) tuff which is a type of igneous rock mined in quarries (Papadopoulos et al., 2008). Vermiculite is also commonly used in container mixes and consists of vermiculite 2:1 clay exfoliated by heating to 1000 °C. Rockwool is manufactured by melting basaltic rock with limestone and coke at high temperatures and spinning the melt into fibers. It is used in horticulture either as rigid slabs, blocks or cubes (especially for glasshouse vegetable production) and as granules for use as a component of container media (Bussell & McKennie, 2004).
A comprehensive experimental study on the performance of pumice powder in self-compacting concrete (SCC)
Published in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2018
Mahya Askarian, Siavash Fakhretaha Aval, Alireza Joshaghani
Pumice is a type of natural pozzolan, which is amply available in various regions of the world, including Iran. Pumice is a material of volcanic origin and is defined as a hydrated natural rhyolite, which is produced during the solidification of lava by the liberation of gasses [16]. Pumice rocks contain amorphous siliceous and aluminous materials, which are natural pozzolan materials. It should be noted that pumice is a highly amorphous hydrated volcanic glass composed of low crystalline impurities, like quartz, biotite, and alkali feldspars, and falls into the category of unaltered volcanic alternative materials [17]. Researchers reported that using pumice as an SCM in cement binder improved the compressive strength and enhanced the durability of concrete [18]. A large amount of the literature in this area has focused on understanding the characteristics of the pumice, such as particle size, composition, and its behavior in cementitious mixtures [19].
Microstructure and chemo-physical characterizations, thermal properties, and modeling of the compression stress-strain behavior of lime-based roof and screed paste
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
Chiya Y. Rahimzadeh, Ahmed Salih Mohammed, Azeez A. Barzinjy
The expansion of urban construction following the continuous growth of the population in the last two decades has been one of the main reasons for the destruction of the urban environment. Many of these constructions are buildings, which account for 30–40% of the world’s energy consumption. Using common building materials providing thermal comfort conditions in facilities are the main reasons for this energy consumption. Therefore, efforts should be directed towards exploring alternative methods and searching for new technical standards for the development of sustainable building materials (Olaniyan, 2020), materials that reduce resource use, minimize environmental impacts, and have little or no human health risks. Controlling unpleasant climate variables has been a concern for people worldwide for a very long time. For instance, scorching summer weather and cold winter temperatures cause discomfort (Bouchair, 2008). One of these sustainable building materials, widely used in traditional architecture and forgotten with the popularization of cement, are lime-based mortars and plasters. These pastes have high permeability and breathability and are characterized by distinctive features such as less carbon dioxide emission during construction (20% less than cement) and subsequent absorption during carbonation (Olaniyan, 2020). In the building sector, plaster and paste are vital components, and they protect the outside walls and roofs from weather conditions and have an aesthetic function (Dylewski & Adamczyk, 2014). In addition, due to the excessive pores, the resulting lightweight paste has a greater thermal insulating capacity than regular paste (Rashad et al., 2022). Bims granule paste is a dry mortar composed of mineral binders according to DIN EN 459 and DIN EN 197-1 (E BS, 2010; EN 197-1 BS, 2011), 2.8% lime and 1.2% cement, respectively, and natural filler (96 percent Bims). When water is added to this mortar, it becomes hydraulically bonded, ductile, and stable (Dylewski & Adamczyk, 2014). Pumice (as a Bims material) is one of the most commonly used additions for enhancing thermal insulation capabilities as a lightweight filler and aggregate. Pumice stone is a natural sponge-like lightweight aggregate formed during the rapid cooling and solidification of molten lava. After suitable preparation, it can be used as an aggregate to produce lightweight concrete or as a cementitious material to produce blended cement or geopolymer (Rashad, 2019; Rashad, 2021). Pumice obtained from acidic lava flows is a highly vesicular mineral. It is mostly made of amorphous silica and has widespread industrial applications (Kılıç & Sertabipoğlu, 2015). Since pumice is lightweight and insulating, it is commonly used in architectural construction as a building material (Aydın & Baradan, 2007). The literature indicates that Italy, Turkey, Greece, Spain, Ecuador, Chile, Ethiopia, Uganda, Guatemala, Saudi Arabia, USA, Cameroon, Algeria, Tanzania, France, Syria, Spain and Guadeloupe were major producers of pumice. Although pumice was traditionally used for structural components, it is now utilized for non-structural applications and as a thermal insulator (Sari & Pasamehmetoglu, 2005), resulting from its weak mechanical characteristics.