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A Study on the Effects of Iron Nanoparticles in Water-Based Drilling Mud
Published in Subrata Borgohain Gogoi, Advances in Petroleum Technology, 2020
Debashree Dutta, Borkha Mech Das
Filtration properties were experimentally studied for 0.1 M and 0.2 M iron NPs by varying the concentration of iron NPs from 5% to 35%. It was observed that the filtrate loss reduced subsequently by around 5%-7% on increasing the concentration of iron NPs . Observing the graph for the MCT in Figs. 12.8 and 12.9, it is clear that the MCT decreases from 0.5 mm to 0.4 mm. From Figs. 12.8 and 12.9, it is observed that both filtrate loss and MCT decrease till 20% and after that remain constant. A similar decreasing trend was observed for 0.2 M iron NPs . A thin and tough mud cake is always desirable during drilling operations. It is clearly seen from the figures that on adding iron NPs , the MCT decreases and remains constant, unlike conventional mud where the MCT goes on increasing.
Site investigation and geological data collection
Published in Duncan C. Wyllie, Christopher W. Mah, Rock Slope Engineering, 2017
Duncan C. Wyllie, Christopher W. Mah
The correct application of these dual properties of mud will greatly enhance diamond drilling operations. For example, if the hole intersects a zone of broken and weak rock, the mud can stabilize the walls, and there will be no need to extend the casing down to this level. Similarly, if the circulation fluid is lost in permeable zones, these can be sealed with a mud cake. Ideally, the mud cake should be thin and have low permeability, and should penetrate the formation so that it is not broken up by the rotation of the drill rods. The fluid pressure in the hole then helps to keep the cake in place. Where the polymer muds are not sufficiently viscous to form a mud cake, possible additives to the mud include fine flakes of mica or paper to help seal fine openings in the rock on the wall of the hole. In the case of artesian flows, the density of the mud can be increased by bentonite–barytes mixtures, so that the mud weight balances the upward pressure of the water in the artesian formation.
Site investigation and geological data collection
Published in Duncan C. Wyllie, Rock Slope Engineering, 2017
The correct application of these dual properties of mud will greatly enhance diamond drilling operations. For example, if the hole intersects a zone of broken and weak rock, the mud can stabilise the walls, and it will not be necessary to extend the casing down to this level. Similarly, if the circulation fluid is lost in high-conductivity zones, these can be sealed with a mud cake. Ideally, the mud cake should be thin and have low permeability, and should penetrate the formation so that it is not broken up by the rotation of the drill rods. The fluid pressure in the hole then helps to keep the cake in place. Where the polymer muds are not sufficiently viscous to form a mud cake, possible additives to the mud include fine flakes of mica or paper to help seal fine openings in the rock on the wall of the hole. In the case of artesian flows, the density of the mud can be increased by bentonite–barytes mixtures so that the mud weight balances the upward pressure of the water in the artesian formation.
Employing Nano-sized Additives as Filtration Control Agent in Water-based Drilling Fluids: Study on Barium Sulfate, Bentonite, Surface-modified Bentonite, Titanium Oxide, and Silicon Oxide
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Vahid Nooripoor, Rasoul Nazemi, Abdolnabi Hashemi
Mud cake is a part of solids in a drilling fluid which deposits on the wellbore wall at initial times of drilling new formations. A mud cake must have a less thickness and an impermeable structure, as its key parameters for reducing filtration loss into formations. High mud cake thickness makes different operations during drilling a well difficult, such as well logging in open-holes and also casing running in, especially in deviated and horizontal wellbores (Maidla 1987). Mud cakes’ thickness is tabulated in Table 2. The base cake is 0.42 mm thick. All the nanofluids create cakes thicker than 0.42 mm. Therefore, it is concluded that applying 100 psi differential pressure leads to the settling of a portion of the NPs dispersed in the host fluid on the filter paper. This is a negative finding, but it was predictable due to the lack of any additive in the base fluid for exactly the purpose of fluid loss control. Figure 5 illustrates the thickest cakes provided by all 4 wt% NP-WBDFs compared to the base mud cake.
Model prediction of the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the fluid loss of water-based drilling mud
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Richard O. Afolabi, Peter Paseda, Sedogan Hunjenukon, Esther A. Oyeniyi
The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the mud cake can be established to reduce the permeability of the drilling mud cake, thereby reducing the fluid loss volume. The high surface area and small size of nanoparticles enable them to form fine dispersions and tight packing structures, thereby effectively filling “fluid flow” gaps that exist between micron-size particles. This phenomenon also applies to the mud cake, which is formed during the static filtration process involving nano-modified drilling fluids. This reduces the mud cake permeability and subsequently fluid loss. The reduction in mud cake permeability by the zinc oxide nanoparticles is due to the plugging capability of the nanoparticles on the mud cake, thereby producing a low permeability medium. The works of Ghanbari, Kazemzadeh, Soleymani, & Naderifar (2016); Ragab & Noah (2014); Yang et al. (2015) have confirmed the plugging capabilities of nanoparticles in rock formations. This reduction in fluid loss can also be due to the alignment of the clay particles in a face-to-face (FF) configuration, which reduced the surface area available for fluid penetration. The presence of the zinc oxide nanoparticles can be explained to cause a disruption in the interaction forces between the clay particles necessitating the rearrangement from face-to-edge (FE) to FF arrangement (Jung et al., 2011). The significance of mud cake permeability reduction is critical toward successful drilling operations. This helps to reduce the incidence of pipe sticking during drilling operations. Thus, the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles in a drilling mud leading to a low fluid loss and low permeability cake is desirable. The area of contact between a drill pipe and the filter cake is a function of the depth of burial of the pipe in the cake and, consequently, is a function of the cake thickness. For this reason, the mud cake has to be as thin as possible.