China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Progress of Project at Field
Published in H. Selcuk Agca, Giancarlo Cotone, Introduction to Process Plant Projects, 2018
H. Selcuk Agca, Giancarlo Cotone
These works refer to all earthworks including excavation, backfilling, leveling, compaction, and testing. The scope of these works also includes activities like measuring, surveying and setting out, planning and drafting. The execution is carried out in accordance with the site preparation drawings that are mainly based on the topographical survey data, geotechnical report, and plant layout. Site grading is not often limited to scraping only the vegetated soil layer on the surface and adjusting to the grade levels specified, but also comprises digging and removing some meters depth of soil to be replaced and compacted with stronger land fill material. During these works, it may be more practical to make also some major underground installations, like main sewer system and general plant grounding system.
Irregular areas and volumes and mean values of waveforms
Published in John Bird, Basic Engineering Mathematics, 2017
Surveyors, farmers and landscapers often need to determine the area of irregularly shaped pieces of land to work with the land properly. There are many applications in business, economics and the sciences, including all aspects of engineering, where finding the areas of irregular shapes, the volumes of solids and the lengths of irregular shaped curves are important applications. Typical earthworks include roads, railway beds, causeways, dams and canals. Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilise slopes. Engineers need to concern themselves with issues of geotechnical engineering (such as soil density and strength) and with quantity estimation to ensure that soil volumes in the cuts match those of the fills, while minimising the distance of movement. Simpson’s rule is a staple of scientific data analysis and engineering; it is widely used, for example, by naval architects to numerically determine hull offsets and cross-sectional areas to determine volumes and centroids of ships or lifeboats. There are therefore plenty of examples where irregular areas and volumes need to be determined by engineers.
Installation and commissioning
Published in Susan Neill, Geoff Stapleton, Christopher Martell, Solar Farms, 2017
Susan Neill, Geoff Stapleton, Christopher Martell
Prior to the construction commencing on-site, earthworks are usually carried out to ensure the site is suitable for installation of foundations and that there is adequate space for equipment delivery and access roads. Earthworks may include: land clearance to remove obstructions;minor grading and trimming;stripping, hauling and stockpiling topsoil and subsoil;soil excavation for cable trenching (see Figure 5.3); construction of internal site access tracks; orinstallation of on-site erosion and sediment controls, which may include minimising length of time that land is at risk of erosion; installing sediment control devices in parallel with contours of the land; reusing material collected from erosion control and sediment collection on-site; ensuring vehicles remain on existing and access roads when possible; ensuring no earthworks take place just before or after heavy rainfall.
A unified approach to earthworks for residential, industrial and commercial developments consistent with AS3798-2007
Published in Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2019
David Piccolo, Garry Mostyn, Agustria Salim
The term geotechnical inspection and testing authority (GITA) is used to describe the organization that is engaged to undertake the inspection and testing regime as defined by the Earthworks Specification. In the approach proposed the GITA is engaged by the Earthworks Contractor. Benefits of Earthworks Contractor engaging the GITA are: It provides more control on the cost and the progress of the earthworks.It removes potential for delays in inspections or testing by the GITA to become a claim against the Principal.It results in easier communication and management between parties, e.g. the Principal to Earthworks Contractor only.The Earthwork Designer can act as the earthworks ‘police’ for the Principal. The GITA documents can be independently audited by the Earthworks Designer.
Modelling and optimization of a bi-objective flow shop scheduling with diverse maintenance requirements
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Javad Seif, Andrew Junfang Yu, Fahimeh Rahmanniyay
One of the main activities in the early stages of a heavy construction project is earthmoving. This activity is highly dependent on earthmoving machinery. The most commonly used equipment for earthworks is (wheel) loaders, dozers, excavators and haul trucks. A simplified version of the earthmoving process described by Fu (2013) is as follows. The first step is preparation which is done best by excavators which can dig natural form of material from the earth. Next, in loading step, wheel loaders can load the removed and prepared soil into haul trucks. Finally, in hauling step, haul trucks transport earth to a deposit point by travelling through routes with different slopes and ground conditions.
Solutions methods for m-machine blocking flow shop with setup times and preventive maintenance costs to minimise hierarchical objective-function
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Hugo Hissashi Miyata, Marcelo Seido Nagano, Jatinder N. D. Gupta
A practical application study of flexible and diverse maintenance levels in flow shop environments can be seen in earthmoving operations, an important early stage of heavy construction projects. This activity is highly dependent of the earthmoving machinery. According to Fu (2013), excavators, dozers, scrapers, wheel loaders, haul trucks and compactors are the most frequent equipment employed for earthworks. A summarised version of earhmoving proccess is described as follows. In the first step, excavators can dig the natural material from the earth. In the second step, wheel loaders move the removed and prepared soil into haul trucks. In the following, haul trucks transport the material to the destiny local by travelling through routes with different slopes and ground conditions. Typical preventive maintenance activities for construction machinery is based on service hours of the machinery. Thus, all the machines are subject to maintenance activities with different intervals (e.g. 10 hours, 50 hours, 100 hours, 1000 hours, etc). These intervals represent the maintenance levels, where each one of them has a maintenance activity to be carried out. There are n locations which require earth moving operations. Because of the distance between these locations, a machine needs to work in one location at a time. Since each location has different conditions, the amount of work that a machine can work can be different from one place to another, i.e. there is a time that a machine can wok in a day of a given location. As a result, deterioration rates of maintenance levels can be determined by the number of days required in a given location multiplied by the time a machine can work in a day. A study case of the aforementioned example can be seen in Yu and Seif (2016). Here, sequence-dependent setup times are considered separated from processing times and also impact maintenance levels.