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History of the Design of Small Weapons
Published in Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles, Designing Small Weapons, 2022
Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles
A rifle or carbine is a shoulder-fired long firearm whose barrel is rifled to impart a spin to the bullet. A carbine has a shorter barrel than a rifle, whose use was originally conceived for mounted troops. The action of these firearms may be single shot, repeating, semi-automatic, or fully automatic.
Lower-body muscular power and exercise tolerance predict susceptibility to enemy fire during a tactical combat movement simulation
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Jesse A. Stein, Timothy C. Hepler, Justin A. DeBlauw, Cassandra M. Beattie, Chaddrick D. Beshirs, Kendra M. Holte, Brady K. Kurtz, Katie M. Heinrich
The tactical combat movement simulation began with marksmanship with CWL assessment that was modified from live-fire protocols (Scribner and Harper 2002). An M4 rifle (Palmetto State Armoury, 16-inch Nitride M4, Carbine chambered 5.56 NATO) with iron sights was modified by removing the bolt-carrier group and inserting a shot indicating resetting trigger automatic rifle bolt (SIRT-AR, Next Level Training, Ferndale, WA), which emitted a laser from the barrel with each trigger squeeze. The SIRT-AR was calibrated before each session. A USB camera focussed on the target area acted as a sensor for the emitted laser. A Laser Activated Shot Reporter (L.A.S.R., Shooter Technology Group, Lincoln, NE) acquired, analysed, and compiled marksmanship data. Four coloured targets (E-type target silhouettes) were mounted on the wall to simulate standoff distances of 18-, 100-, 150-, and 200-m. The computer software was customised to randomly announce target colours (i.e. red, blue, yellow, green) every 4-s until 12 targets were called out. The subjects were instructed to engage targets as quickly and accurately as possible. Basic maths problems (addition/subtraction of single-/double-digit numbers) were announced between target call-outs to increase CWL similar to the protocol used by the Army Research Laboratory (Scribner and Harper 2002). Answers to maths problems were recorded and used as an index of cognitive performance during the simulation. The L.A.S.R. software reported the number of correctly engaged targets (i.e. marksmanship accuracy). Four configurations of the target layout were randomised to prevent memorisation of the target locations across shooting sessions.