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Filling, Pressing and Assembly
Published in Ajoy K. Bose, Military Pyrotechnics, 2021
The compaction/crushing strength of bare pellets is checked in compaction strength equipment. Load is applied on the pellet and computer-generated data is observed when the pellet starts crumbling. The compaction strength (crush load) for bare pellets for some heavy calibre ammunitions are specified and sample pellets are checked from the lot, before assembly, to ensure intactness of the pellet at such crush loads. This is essential since heavy calibre ammunitions are subjected to very high stresses during firing.
Mineralogical Characterization of Historical Cement-based Mortars from the Rupnik Military Fortification Line
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020
P. Štukovnik, J.P. Grom, M. Marinšek, V. Bokan Bosiljkov
In 1912, the Russian army demonstrated the advantage of reinforced over mass concrete, when designing the permanent fortifications. Belgian and French military observers were present at this demonstration. The technology was highly improved during the war period, 1914–18, based on the implementation of the reinforced concrete on a vast scale when building permanent fortifications on the Western Front (Bekers and De Meyer 2018). Military engineers of the army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia applied this knowledge to designing the fortifications of the Rupnik Line, where small fortified structures or machine-gun nests formed the primary defences and stronger infrastructure, hosting large calibre artillery, was positioned mostly as the secondary defence on hilltops (Figure 1). The Municipality of Žiri (Figure 2) offers unique conditions to study the Rupnik Line (Grom and Štukovnik 2018), since the primary line was positioned along the eastern slope of the hills of the Sora River valley and the secondary line was sited along the western slopes, right below the Žirovski Vrh ridgetop, stretching from the northern border with Škofja Loka to the southern border with the Municipality of Logatec (Habernal et al. 2005). Access to the fortified positions of the secondary line is difficult even today, because they are located along ridgetops 800 to 1000 m above the sea level. The available data reports that, in the territory of today’s Municipality of Žiri, the army built a single-track railway line and several transport cableways, as well as opening new quarries for the production of crushed stone aggregates in the vicinity of construction sites, in order to manage the construction of the bunkers of the Rupnik Line (Jankovič Potočnik 2009).
The transfer and exploitation of German air-to-air rocket and guided missile technology by the Western Allies after World War II
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2020
In addition to these armaments, there was a proliferation of solid propellant air-to-air rockets of much simpler designs in development for the Luftwaffe, but most of these projects did not progress beyond the experimental stage. According to Gatland, starting in 1941 the RLM converted an army artillery rocket to an air-to-air application, a 73 mm calibre projectile designated RZ.73 and code named Föhn.7 A spin-stabilised rocket of either 65 mm or 73 mm calibre, designated RZ.65, was being developed by Deutsche Waffen-und Munitions-Fabriken (DWM) at Lübeck in Schleswig-Holstein.8Rheinmetall-Borsig AG, one of Germany’s great armaments manufacturers, had two fin-stabilised, 210 mm calibre rockets in development, the R 100 M and the R 100 BS, which were designed to be fitted to the Messerschmitt Me 262.9 There was also an 80 mm calibre projectile under development which resembled a Russian ground-launched anti-aircraft rocket.10 At least two air-to-air rockets did enter service with Luftwaffe fighters during the war. One was the spin-stabilised 21 cm Wgr 42, a derivative of the German Army’s 210 mm Nebelwerfer artillery rocket, of which four were fitted in tubes under the wings of the Messerschmitt Me 110, and possibly two in tubes fitted to the Me 109 G and Focke-Wulf Fw 190.11 According to Zaloga, Allied bomber pilots first encountered this weapon over Wilhelmshaven on 21 May 1943.12 In 1944, work began on Germany’s best known World War II aircraft rocket, the 55 mm calibre R4M, which was developed by a group of firms including DWM. This inexpensive armament entered service in the last weeks of the war, and Me 262 s fitted with the weapon reportedly shot down several Allied aircraft.13
Interval optimization for structural dynamic responses of an artillery system under uncertainty
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2020
Liqun Wang, Guolai Yang, Hui Xiao, Qinqin Sun, Jianli Ge
A large-calibre traction artillery is chosen as the research object in this article. Supposing that the coupling effect between the projectile and the gun tube in the firing process is not considered, and the artillery model is in static equilibrium before launching, a rigid–flexible coupling dynamic model at the maximum angle of 51° is established.