China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Tribology in the Automotive Sector
Published in Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, Alessandro Ruggiero, T.V.V.L.N. Rao, J. Paulo Davim, Industrial Tribology, 2023
Sudheer Reddy Beyanagari, P. Kumaravelu, Dhiraj Kumar Reddy Gongati, Yashwanth Maddini, S. Arulvel, Jayakrishna Kandasamy
Wheels are vital components of a vehicle because they carry the whole weight of the vehicle (passengers or cargo) and protect it from road shocks, even at high speeds while running with passengers or loads. In addition, the rear wheels must transfer power/torque to the front wheels and steer the vehicle. As a result, all of the wheels have to withstand and resist the barking pressures while balancing and enduring side thrust so as to maintain perfect balance. Hence wheel alignment is vital. The wheel alignment has to facilitate easy steering effort, differential stability and minimal tyre wear. Friction is generated throughout the running process of wheels, which is a significant factor since each wheel develops around 2% to be considered the COF of the rolling tyre. The wheel is an assembly of three main components, consisting of the wheel drum or disc, the brake drum and rubber tyre housing a tube (filled with air).
Wheels and Tyres
Published in G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude, Automotive Systems, 2021
G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude
Front wheel alignment is the angular relationship between the front wheels of the vehicle, the suspension and the ground, the objective of which is to allow the wheels of the vehicle to roll without dragging, cupping, scuffing or slipping. The proper alignment ensures ease of steering and reduces load on suspensions and tyres. The poor alignment of tyres can result in a less-than-enjoyable driving experience. Four angles are involved in the proper alignment of the wheel: caster, camber, toe-in, toe-out on the turns and inclination of the steering axis. There are also warning signs for when the alignment needs to be adjusted, as follows: Irregular and uneven tyre wearHeavy steeringFatigue to the driver’s steeringVehicle wandering or difficult to maintain along a straight lineVehicle steering wheel not returning to exact centreOne side pulling of the vehicle
Suspension and Steering
Published in Andrew Livesey, Basic Motorsport Engineering, 2012
The wheel alignment, toe-in or toe-out, should be checked every 20 000 miles (30 000 km). This is carried out using optical gauges. The optical gauges may use a laser beam and may have a digital read out, depending on the level and sophistication of the technology.
Efficient modelling and optimization for double wishbone suspensions based on a non-adaptive sampling sparse response surface
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2019
Pu Li, Yunbao Huang, Haiyan Li, Kefeng Wang, Nan Xia, Haitian Yang
In the course of driving a vehicle, the parameters of wheel alignment may be constantly changing as the wheel bounces up and down; such changes may have a great effect on vehicle control stability and tyre lifespan. Thus, it is desirable that the parameters of wheel alignment are little changed with the wheel stroke in the vehicle design stage. To a large extent, the hardpoint coordinates of the suspension play a decisive role in its kinematic characteristics, which can be described as the parameters of wheel alignment, such as the toe angle, the camber angle, the caster angle, and the kingpin inclination angle. In fact, these hardpoint coordinates are usually selected as the design parameters for the suspension system. In the next subsection, these parameters will be introduced in the optimization problem of a DWB suspension.