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Life Cycle Assessment of Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composites
Published in Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Suchart Siengchin, Lothar Kroll, Lightweight Polymer Composite Structures, 2020
Alexander Kaluza, Johanna Sophie Hagen, Antal Dér, Felipe Cerdas, Christoph Herrmann
Overall, different sub-challenges with a major influence on environmental impacts of production waste and end-of-life treatment occur for composites and need to be taken into account when performing an LCA of end-of-life processes. These are listed below. Production waste streams of composite materials need to be directed based on the properties and qualities of the composite wastes. Mono-material streams could enable high-quality recycling. However, separation and logistics efforts need to be assessed to identify a potential trade-off to the added value due to higher-quality recyclates.End-of-life composites are more difficult to separate with existing disassembly and recycling technologies, compared to conventional engineering materials. Also, composites might be applied in multi-material designs side by side with steel and aluminum, as e.g., observed within the automotive industry. The state of the art of vehicle recycling incorporates a process chain consisting of shredding, sorting, and separation (Herrmann et al., 2018; Dalmijn and De Jong, 2007). For composite materials, the initial shredding process would lead to a shortening of fiber lengths and thus downcycling, as secondary applications of recyclates are inferior. Separation processes would need to be adapted for composites, e.g., prior to mechanical recycling, if feasible.Viable applications of secondary materials need to be identified and matched with waste streams from recycling processes. For example, carbon fiber recycling by pyrolysis can save up to 90% of the energy required to produce virgin material (Witik et al., 2013). However, this only applies to a high-quality secondary material that allows the replacement of virgin material of the same grade. While being theoretically feasible, both quality and quantity requirements for the secondary application need to be fulfilled. Matrix material is lost during the process.Even if all lightweight structures could be produced from recycled material, the availability of recycled material might lag behind production needs. Lefeuvre et al. anticipate the use of stocks of CFRP for recycling. Only 34 tons of CFRP are estimated to be available for recycling from a total amount of 1.2 million tons in 2050. For the year 2015, the numbers are 13 tons of CFRP from a total amount of 125 tons (Lefeuvre et al., 2017).Most research efforts to date exclusively tackle the material recycling of composite production and end-of-life wastes, while reuse and remanufacturing are not in the focus (Pimenta and Pinho, 2011; Herrmann et al., 2018). However, direct use of production and end-of-life wastes in secondary applications could minimize efforts for collection and reprocessing.
Selection of best buyback strategy for original equipment manufacturer and independent remanufacturer – game theoretic approach
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Ankita Ray, Arijit De, Sandeep Mondal, Junwei Wang
Arora, Bakshi, and Bhattacharjya (2019) stated about the number of government policies of various countries which have focused on enhancing remanufacturing business such as Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines on environmentally sound management (India), automotive industry standards for end of life (EOL) vehicles (India), Hazardous and wastes management rules (India), waste disposal legislation (Taiwan), EOL vehicle recycling law (Japan), vehicle quota system (Singapore), resource recycling rule for electronics and automobile (Korea), statute 307 law on ELV (China), law directive 2000/53/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on ELV (European countries). These governmental policies of various countries motivate manufacturers to implement circular economy system that comprises 6R (reduce, remanufacture, reuse, recover, recycle and redesign) concepts related to sustainable manufacturing. Moreover, different governmental subsidies encourage remanufacturers to increase product recovery activities (reuse, remanufacturing and recycling). Government subsidy aims to motivate manufacturers to develop environment-friendly product design as well as subsidy sharing motivates remanufacturer to increase remanufacturing activity for higher profit. Impact of several government subsidies on remanufacturing business is given as follows: Collection subsidy (Aksen, Aras, and Karaarslan 2009): Government pays an incentive to the organisation for used products collected. Therefore, OEM and IR make more money by using collection subsidy by acquiring used products from the end consumers. Remanufactured sales subsidy (Zhu et al. 2017): both OEM and IR get benefits from such governmental incentive by selling remanufactured products. Remanufactured product donation (Zhu et al. 2017): Such governmental incentive helps to increase societal value of an organisation. This may discourage both OEM and IR to remanufacture products. Moreover, OEM can make more profit by selling new products instead of remanufactured products under such incentive. Subsidy to remanufacturer (Xiao et al. 2017): this may motivate both OEM and IR to remanufacture products for making more profit. Under such government subsidy, either both stakeholders involved in highly competitive business environment or stakeholders may implement collaborative business under subsidy sharing contract. Subsidy to consumers (Xiao et al. 2017): core collection and remanufactured product selling become easier under such subsidy. Subsidy to both remanufacturer and consumers (Xiao et al. 2017): According to Zhao, Zhu, and Cui (2018) sharing incentives with end-users might be more profitable for remanufacturer. Therefore, such subsidy motivates consumers and remanufacturers to involve in product recovery activities and thereby having a significant impact on sustainable manufacturing (environmentally sound management, economic benefit and societal value). Therefore, government incentives and subsidies play a substantial role to motivate different organisations to adopt circular economy system by using product recovery concepts in the manufacturing system.
Insights into end-of-life vehicle recycling and its quality assessment systems in Malaysia reveals the need for a new stakeholder-centric approach for vehicle waste management
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2023
Altaf Hossain Molla, Saeed H. Moghtaderi, Zambri Harun, Alias Jedi, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar
Quality testing is the next significant step in the quality control system, this process involves testing the quality of the recycled and remanufactured products. This process should include both in-process testing and final product testing to ensure that the products meet the required specifications. There are several step-by-step procedures for checking the quality of recycled and remanufactured products from end-of-life vehicle recycling, which include visual inspection, to conduct a visual inspection of the product to ensure that it is free of any defects, damage, and contamination, dimensional inspection, to check the dimensions of the product to ensure that it meets the required specifications, material testing, to conduct material testing to verify the quality of the materials used in the product, performance testing, to conduct performance testing to ensure that the product meets the required performance specifications, this includes testing the product in a real-world environment, durability testing, to perform to ensure that the product can withstand the expected lifespan under normal usage conditions, this includes testing the product’s resistance to wear and tear, corrosion, or other factors that may affect its lifespan, certification and standards compliance, to check that the product has the required certifications and meets the relevant industry standards for quality and safety, this can include certifications such as ISO 9001 or 14,001, as well as compliance with safety and environmental regulations, finally, traceability, to ensure that the product can be traced back to its source and that all necessary documentation is available to verify its quality and safety. Corrective action is the next crucial step after quality testing, which involves in development of the process for identifying and correcting any issues or defects that are identified during the quality control process. This process includes documenting the issues, investigating the root cause, and implementing corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence. Documentation and records is a crucial step in this framework, which engages in documenting and maintaining records of all quality control activities. This includes documentation of incoming material inspections, sorting and separation activities, processing and remanufacturing activities, quality testing results, and corrective actions taken. Training and Competence, this step engages in training and developing the competence of all personnel involved in the quality control process. This includes providing training on quality control procedures, testing methods, and corrective action processes. The final step of this framework is management review, this step involves Regularly reviewing the quality control system to ensure its effectiveness and identify opportunities for improvement. This review includes an analysis of quality control data, customer feedback, and other relevant information. By implementing a quality control system based on these key steps, manufacturers can ensure that their recycled and remanufactured products from ELV recycling meet the required quality standards, are safe for use, and contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.