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Treatment of Effluents from Sugar Processing Industry
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang, Treatment of Industrial Effluents, 2019
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang
Sugar industry effluents are produced mainly by cleaning operations. Washing of milling house floor and various divisions of boiling house like evaporators, clarifiers, vacuum pans, centrifugation, etc. generate a huge volume of effluents. Also, wash water used for filter cloth of rotary vacuum filter and periodical cleaning of limewater and SO2 producing house becomes a part of effluent. Periodical cleaning of heat exchangers and evaporators with NaOH and HCl to remove the scales on the tube surface contributes organic and inorganic pollutant loadings to effluent. Leakages from pumps, pipelines, and centrifuging house also contribute to effluent produced. Except this, effluent is also produced from boiler blowdown, spray pond overflow, and from condenser cooling water, which is discharged as effluent when it gets contaminated with cane juice.
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
Published in W.P. Jones, Air Conditioning Engineering, 2007
In the example illustrated, cooling water from the tower or spray pond at 30°C first passes through the absorber and then the condenser, which it leaves at 39.4°C. The machine shown in the diagram consumes, at full load, from 0.70 to 0.72 g s−1of steam per kW of refrigeration and the cooling water requirement is about 0.07 litre s−1 kW−1. If control is by varying the evaporation rate, steam consumption increases from about 0.72 to about 1.08 g s−1 kW−1, as the load falls from 50 to 10 per cent of full capacity. With solution control, on the other hand, there is a reduction in steam consumption from 0.72 to about 0.61 g s−1 kW−1 as the load falls from 100 to 30 per cent and a small subsequent rise of 0.02 g s−1 kW−1 to 0.63 g s−1 kW−1, when the load falls further through the range 30 to 10 per cent.
Spray Pond Designs and Testing
Published in Charles F. Bowman, Seth N. Bowman, Thermal Engineering of Nuclear Power Stations, 2020
Charles F. Bowman, Seth N. Bowman
Several investigators considered separately some real effects such as WBT degradation, internal resistance, buoyancy, and interference.7–9 The first significant full-scale test of an FBSP was conducted by Schrock and Trezek1 in 1973 at Rancho Seco. In 1976, Myers and Baird10 conducted similar tests on the FBSP at the Okeelanta complex in Florida. Also, in 1976, Yang and Porter11 conducted tests on a PSM system at the Dresden and Quad Cities nuclear stations. At Quad Cities, two different types of floating spray modules were tested, but both had similar spray characteristics. Each spray nozzle sprayed 2,500 GPM about 16 ft high with relatively large drops compared with the Rancho Seco spray pond.
Recycling of sugar industry wastewater for single-cell protein production with supplemental carotenoids
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Chewapat Saejung, Pongsathorn Salasook
In Thailand, the effluents with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) ejected from raw and refined sugar productions are transferred to an equalisation pond for biogas production. The effluents containing low COD cannot be used for biogas production, so are discharged into the wastewater treatment system. The treatment system typically comprises a series of ponds: an anaerobic pond, a primary mechanically aerated pond, a secondary mechanically aerated pond, a primary facultative pond and a secondary facultative pond. This treatment sequence removes the COD before the waste enters the environment [personal communication]. Besides the wastewater ponds, there is a spray pond that collects the processing water used for cooling the reactor in the production process. The major pollutants in the spray pond are sugar leakages from the production process, which can be assimilated by indigenous microbes. Wastes generated from sugar production are converted into commercial products (bio-fuel or bio-power) as a side-industry. However, few businesses actually recycle the sugar wastewater from their treatment units into commercial products.
Conservative Tritium Exposure Assessment in the Atmosphere from the Spray Ponds of the Balakovo NPP
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
Аleksey Vasilyev, Аleksey Ekidin, Мaxim Vasyanovich, Мariia Pyshkina, Konstantin Antonov, Аlexander Antushevskiy, Мaxim Semenov, Еkaterina Murashova
The thermophysical approach gives an overestimated evaporation rate unattainable in real conditions. Calculations by the formula (7) showed that the average value of the water evaporation intensity from the surface of one spray pond is about 6000 kg/h. Thereby, the total amount of water evaporated from all the spray ponds for 82 days in the period from November 13, 2016 to February 3, 2017, was 60 000 m3.