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Standard in Safety Management That Takes into Account Humans’ Irrational Behavior and Decision-Making
Published in Waldemar Karwowski, Anna Szopa, Marcelo M. Soares, Handbook of Standards and Guidelines in Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2021
Figure 8.8 shows the flow chart of an explosion at the U.S. power plant. The direct cause of the explosion was a human error—that is, the lapse of inserting a safety pin into a hand grenade. The identification of only the workers’ error to forget to insert the safety pin into the hand grenade is insufficient to prevent another explosion. The background (man) factor behind this human error must be identified to cut off a vicious circle of errors. The increase of watchmen to monitor the lapse of safety pin insertion is not sufficient to prevent further explosion. It is necessary to recognize that we tend to be inevitably inattentive in monitoring tasks and cannot maintain a high arousal level. In short, it is actually impossible for us to execute monitoring tasks perfectly (without victims to human errors to omit an important task necessary for assuring safety). Therefore, with the full understanding and recognition of such disadvantages, a mechanism to overcome them must be practiced. In Figure 8.17, such a mechanism was put into practical use by developing a system to pick up a safety pin by a robot. This mechanism prevents the production line of the hand grenade to proceed to the next process if the safety pin is not inserted; the robot cannot pick up a hand grenade and proceed to the next manufacturing process if the safety pin is not inserted. In this manner, not the spiritualism but the mechanism to prevent human errors is necessary in safety management.
Illuminating Ammunitions
Published in Ajoy K. Bose, Military Pyrotechnics, 2021
Illuminating hand grenades are used primarily for illumination but can also be used for signalling and incendiary purposes against flammable targets. A typical example is Grenade, Hand: Illuminating, Mk1 (Figure 30.1). The body is made in two pieces. The illuminating charge is pressed into the lower half of the body and covered with a layer of first fire composition. This, in turn, is covered with an igniter charge. The fuze is an integral part of the grenade. The body contains a primer and quick-match bushing. Assembled to the body of the fuze are a striker, striker spring, safety lever and safety pin with pull ring. The split end of the safety pin has an angular spread. The safety clips are not required with illuminating hand grenades.
Polymer Esters
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Uwe Wallfahrer, Alan Savidge, Chiara Monti
This beneficial effect can be demonstrated in the Falex Pin and Vee Wear Test according to ASTM D2670, as sketched in Figure 5.13. In this test, a rotating steel pin is immersed in the test oil and subject to a constant pressure between two Vee-shaped blocks in a “nutcracker” device. The wear is expressed in so-called wear teeth, which is the number of teeth by which the ratchet wheel must be turned to maintain the constant pressure of the Vee-blocks on the pin during the test. If the wear becomes too excessive, a safety pin breaks and stops the test.
Evaluation of Non-Oxide Fuel for Fission-Based Nuclear Reactors on Spacecraft
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Dakota J. Allen, Stuart R. Blair, Marshall G. Millett, Martin E. Nelson
In order to address the requirements for power output and mission duration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration initiated the Prometheus Power and Propulsion program.5,6 Part of this effort included the Naval Reactors Prime Contractor Team which undertook a study of power and propulsion options for robotic missions to the outer solar system such as the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter.7 The result of the study did not include a final selection for an ideal nuclear fission power system; however, a reference base case system configuration was developed comprising a fast reactor cooled with a helium-xenon gas mixture, both fixed and movable beryllium oxide reflectors, and highly enriched uranium oxide (UO2) fuel arranged in a hexagonal lattice of fuel pins mounted within a block. A boron-carbide safety pin was included to ensure the reactor was subcritical through all phases of launch and ascent into orbit, and a power conversion system using the Brayton cycle was specified for electric power generation.7 The Prometheus reactor module base case was designed to provide 1 MW of thermal power which would be converted to approximately 200 kW of electrical power over a 15-year mission duration.8 A schematic of the Prometheus Project reactor module is shown in Fig. 1.
Experimental investigation on fuse pin ductile fracture performance of aircraft wheel-up landing crash separation
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2023
Pengfei Zhang, Jinjin Chen, Hong Nie
Moreover, the thread on the right side of the bolt breaks owing to the axial force, causing the end cover to detach. The failure form of specimen 3010B is shown in Figure 15. The installation gap indicates that the fuse pin produces considerable plastic deformation, thereby losing the load-bearing capacity, and no obvious fracturing or cracking occurs. The cross-section of the safety pin is crushed and exhibits an elliptical shape. The relationship between D/t of the diagonal brace link fuse pin and failure load is shown in Figure 16. For a given length and installation clearance, the relationship between D/t and the failure load is nonlinear and inversely proportional.
Experimental validation of a reconfigurable guillotine shear and bending press machine
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Ilesanmi Daniyan, Nokulunga Zamahlubi Dlamini, Vennan Sibanda, Khumbulani Mpofu
The diagnosability function is an active safety pin for the machine. For any operation to take place, the diagnosability function sensors detect misalignment, incorrect configuration or reconfiguration, and proper integration of the machine before it can start the operation. In this study, all systems performed perfectly and no malfunction was detected by the diagnosability system, which flags any potential problems and shuts down the machine.