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Definitions and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Published in Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2022
Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will
The second application requires a calorimeter that can enclose a (bio-)reactor. In such a (bio-)reaction calorimeter, the temperature is kept constant by the continuous removal of the reaction heat using a cooling device with temperature Tj or by balancing the heat removal. The first type of reaction calorimeter is called a heat flow calorimeter (HFC) and the second a heat balance calorimeter (HBC).
Sulfo-phosphoric attack of the phosphate ore: energetic contribution of each phenomenon intervening during the attack and effect of the time of addition of the sulfuric acid
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2023
Khemaies Brahim, Maher Manai, Amira Soussi-Baatout, Ismail Khattech
Because of the variable composition of natural phosphates as well as the different techniques used, the conclusions drawn from the studies devoted to this subject are usually contradictory. Most of these works were performed discontinuously by taking samples from the solution at various moments. This procedure does not allow giving a real image of what is happening over time. The techniques giving accurate information on what is happening in situ, such as Microcalorimety, are rarely used. A few works were performed using a Calvet microcalorimeter to investigate the kinetics of the attack of phosphates (Brahim et al. 2005, 2020, 2017, 2008). The Differential Reaction Calorimeter (DRC) which is usually used to determine the global amount of heat and can also be of great help for reaction kinetics. Indeed, recently this technique has been adopted for kinetic study of the reaction of the phosphate, from the Gafsa basin, by 25% mass of P2O5 to produce the superphosphate fertilizers, ranging from 25°C to 65°C (Soussi-Baatout et al. 2016). This phosphate, used, after enrichment, by the Tunisian Chemical Group (TCG) to produce phosphoric acid, has a sedimentary origin which is the carbonated fluorapatite (or francolite).
Critical evaluation and thermodynamic CALPHAD reassessment of Cerium–Nickel system
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Z. Rahou, D. Moustaine, Y. Ben-Ali, A. Hallaoui
Most recently, Palumbo et al. [30] investigated the enthalpies of formation at 300 K of the Ce7Ni3, CeNi, and CeNi2 phases by direct calorimetry using two different calorimetric apparatus: aneroid isoperibol calorimeter [38,39] and high temperature direct reaction calorimeter [40]. The values stated were (−24 ± 2, −32 ± 2, and −39 ± 2) kJ/mol of atoms respectively. These data [30] have been considered in the present work due to the high purities of starting materials (99.9 mass% Ce and 99.99 mass% Ni).
Inherent safer design for chemical process of 1,4-dioldiacetate-2-butene oxidized by ozone
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Min Hua, Xinmiao Liang, Chen-Ye Wei, Lu Zhang, Xuhai Pan, Jiajia Jiang, Lei Ni, Juncheng Jiang
Reaction calorimeter (RC1e), supplied by Mettler-Toledo and illustrated in Figure 3. The calorimeter is equipped with a glass reactor, temperature sensor, heating-up calibrator, stirrer, RD10 controller and the processing software, which is called WinRCNT.