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A review of failure causes and critical factors of maritime LNG leaks
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Trends in Maritime Technology and Engineering Volume 2, 2022
M. Abdelmalek, C. Guedes Soares
Another consequence of the non-ignited LNG leaks is rapid phase transition (RPT), which is a physical explosion that occurs when spill of LNG contacts a warm surface (e.g. seawater) that can result in a rapid evaporation of LNG (Alderman 2005). The probability of RPT occurrence is positively correlated with the propane and ethane fractions of the spilled LNG (Melhem et al. 2006). The resulting pressure waves from RPT are able to cause damages to the surrounding objects without further effects on objects that located at longer distances (Pitblado et al. 2004). Further, Large releases of LNG are significant to the environment due to the high 20-year, and 100-year global warming potentials (GWP) of methane, which are 72, and 25, respectively (ICCT 2017).
Losing containment at high temperature and pressure—an experimental study with water-steam circuit
Published in Stein Haugen, Anne Barros, Coen van Gulijk, Trond Kongsvik, Jan Erik Vinnem, Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World, 2018
F. Heymes, P. Lauret, C. Lopez, P. Hoorelbeke
A superheated liquid is in a high energy state and a metastable equilibrium. Therefore it can release a large amount of energy in explosive behavior. A superheated liquid explosion requires that a large part of the liquid vaporizes in very short time. Different behaviors were described in literature. Two main categories can be made, according to the way the liquid becomes superheated: By sudden pressure loss, such as observed in boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)By sudden temperature increase, such as observed in rapid phase transition (RPT)
Evaluation of a hydrodynamic cavitation-type bubble generator in a prototype bench-scale flotation unit for poultry processing wastewater treatment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Gustavo Legarda Bermúdez, Carlos Gaviria López, Flaminio Guarín Arenas
The design of the flotation unit was based on the CARMIN D2 PMMA Single Assembly microbubble generator manufactured by YLEC Consultants [23]. Similar to a Venturi tube, this generator is a microbubble injector that works on the principle of hydrodynamic cavitation. It consisted of a liquid nozzle, suction chamber, mixing tube, and divergent section. The liquid was injected into the system at a high velocity through the water injection nozzle (water input), while the gas phase was sucked into the suction chamber by the air nozzle. The two phases were mixed in the chamber, and the bubbly flow was subsequently released at atmospheric pressure at the outlet (Figure 1). The cavitation effect was generated when the pressure at the water injection nozzle was less than the vapour pressure as the fluid flowed through the suction chamber, and a rapid phase transition from liquid to vapour occurred [25, 26].
Experimental study on suppression of methane explosion by porous media and ultra-fine water mist
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Minggao Yu, Mengru Liu, Xiaoping Wen, Weilong Zhao, Bei Pei
Figure 8 illustrates the explosion overpressure with different pore densities at 843.3 g/m3ultra-fine water mist concentration and 85% porosity. Due to the large pore size, the solid skeleton failed to rapidly absorb the heat during the flame traversing the porous media. When the pore density is 10 PPI, flame not extinguished and the maximum pressure reached 94.7 mbar. Therefore, the smaller the pore density, the larger the gas flow resistance, and then the higher the upstream explosion overpressure. For instance, when the pore density is 30 PPI, the explosion overpressure only reduced by 7.26% compared with the pure methane/air mixtures. Compared with only adding ultra-fine water mist, the placed porous medium in the pipeline increases the upstream overpressure. At 843.3 g/m3ultra-fine water mist concentration, 85% porosity factor and 10 PPI pore density, the pressure shocks when the flame reaches the end of the pipe, which may result from the Rapid Phase Transition of gas and liquid in the porous media (Di Benedetto et al. 2016). Further investigations are needed in the days to come (Table 6).
Severe Accident Phenomena: A Comparison Among the NuScale SMR, Other Advanced LWR Designs, and Operating LWRs
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
Scott J. Weber, Etienne M. Mullin
Fuel-coolant interaction refers to the transfer of heat between fuel materials (either solid or molten) and liquid coolant, which occurs upon relocation. FCI can occur within the primary vessel, or in a secondary containment vessel or building. If the relocated fuel is primarily molten and experiences significant breakup upon interaction with coolant, it can result in an energetic and rapid phase transition of the coolant from liquid water to steam, referred to as a steam explosion. This section focuses on the potential for FCI and steam explosion within the primary vessel.