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Introduction
Published in Farzad Hejazi, Tan Kar Chun, Simplified Theory, 2021
An example for orthotropic material is timber. Timber originates from trees. The most unique characteristic of a tree is the presence of annual rings that surround its pith. For every year the tree lives, a new ring will be developed as the outermost layer of its trunk. This layer of annual rings is known as grain in timber, and it is the reason that makes timber behave as an orthotropic material.
Linear Elastic Stress–Strain Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published in Sumit Sharma, Composite Materials, 2021
Stresses, strains, and strengths will ultimately be referred to the principal material coordinate system. The study of the stress–strain response of a single layer is equivalent to determining the relations between the stresses applied to the bounding surfaces of the layer and the deformations of the layer as a whole. The strain of an individual fiber or element of matrix is of no consequence at this level of analysis [1]. The effect of the fiber reinforcement is smeared over the volume of material, and we assume that the two-material fiber–matrix system is replaced by a single homogenous material. This is an important concept because it makes the analysis of a fiber-reinforced composite easier. Equally important is the fact that this single material does not have the same properties in all directions. It is obviously stronger and stiffer in the 1 direction than in the 2 or 3 direction. In addition, just because the 2 and 3 directions are both perpendicular to the fiber direction, the properties in the 2 and 3 directions are not necessarily equal to each other. A material with different properties in three mutually perpendicular directions is called an orthotropic material. As a result, a layer is said to be orthotropic. The 1–2, 1–3, and 2–3 are three planes, and the material properties are symmetric with respect to each of these planes.
Pultruded-FRP for retrofitting purposes: Mechanical characterization
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
O. Tamborrino, M.A. Aiello, C.R. Passerino
The mechanical characterization of an orthotropic material involves the determination of its elastic constants and strength when subjected to different actions and in different directions. Experimental tests were carried out on small-scale specimens in order to determine the most relevant mechanical properties of the GFRP material in longitudinal/pultrusion and in transversal direction. This experimental study comprised inter-laminar shear, flexural, pin-bearing and tensile tests on GFRP coupons with rovings orientation on the longitudinal direction (to determine the longitudinal properties) and with rovings orientation on the transversal direction (to determine the transversal properties); whose dimensions are reported in Table 3.
Chebyshev pseudospectral method in the reconstruction of orthotropic conductivity
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2021
Everton Boos, Vanda M. Luchesi, Fermín S. V. Bazán
Materials whose physical properties, such as elasticity moduli, Poisson coefficients, heat conductivity, etc., vary depending on spatial orientation of the physical body are referred to as anisotropic, while those materials that do not change with spatial orientation are referred to as isotropic [1]. Orthotropic material is a type of the anisotropic material whose characteristics remain unchanged along its planes of elastic symmetry. In nature, there are many materials that can be considered anisotropic such as crystal, woods, geological sediments and biological tissues. With the advent of new technologies, new anisotropic materials have been manufactured by industrial engineering, making it necessary to know their driving properties. These properties can be roughly defined by the difference in physical material or mechanical attributes when measured along different axes, such as absorbance, refraction, conductivity, tensile strength, etc.
Interaction of shear waves with semi-infinite moving crack inside of a orthotropic media
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
Somashri Karan, Palas Mandal, Sanjoy Basu, Subhas Chandra Mandal
Orthotropic material being a composite material have unique mechanical properties since they have three orthogonal planes of symmetry. Some of this material like Prepreg, Carbon fiber, Epoxy has found in high-performance structural applications such as designing of aircraft, aerospace, corrosion- resistance equipment, marine, load-bearing components for vehicles, metal and polymer-forming process [1,2]. Their rigorous anisotropic properties in addition to the presence of moving cracks have a strong application in Seismology. Earth's interior and the geological structure near-surface are considered as a composite material formed by rocks, crystalline minerals, etc. which is highly anisotropic. When an earthquake arises, waves travel across different anisotropic parts of the earth. Earthquake sliding motion constitutes a prominent example of dynamic crack propagation in modes II, III, or in a mixed mode of II and III [3]. Semi-infinite moving crack is one of the most common failure methods in orthotropic laminates. So, it intrigued significant interest to develop methods for describing the behavior of orthotropic bodies with semi-infinite moving cracks under the influence of shear wave. Hence, this model can be utilized in the field of construction engineering, seismic engineering, geology, geophysics, and earthquake disaster prevention as well [4,5]. Only a few problems of composites with semi-infinite moving cracks under shear wave incidence have been studied due to its multitude of parameters which can effect crack propagation. So, analytical modeling of composite failure by crack propagation has become vital to ensure safe and robust structures.
Generalized thermoelastic interaction in a two-dimensional orthotropic material caused by a pulse heat flux
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
In materials science and solid mechanic, orthotropic material has material properties at particular points, which vary along three perpendicular axes, where each axis has a double rotatory symmetry. This is because of their changing properties when measured in different directions; they are a subset of anisotropic materials. The generalized thermoelastic models have drawn the significant interest of several researchers during the last four decades from the mathematical and technical perspectives because of its remarkable realistic implication in the numerous regions, including continuum mechanics, nuclear engineering, aeronautics, high-energy particle accelerators, acoustics, etc.