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Gear Load Capacity Calculation Based on ISO 6336
Published in Stephen P. Radzevich, Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, 2021
Daniel Müller, Nadine Sagraloff, Stefan Sendlbeck, Karl Jakob Winkler, Thomas Tobie, Karsten Stahl
The main influences are already taken into account, but a large number of further influencing factors are insufficiently or not fully taken into account due to a lack of systematic experimental investigations. One of the biggest challenges is on the side of the material strength, where the strong influence of different non-metallic inclusions should be considered properly. A first step was taken in the work of Wickborn [65], where a factor Kdefect was proposed to consider the influences of different sized non-metallic inclusions in the calculation of the material strength. Materials with high purity showed a significant increase of tooth flank fracture load capacity in recent researches at FZG, where a first step was accomplished by developing a method to consider different non-metallic inclusions in the calculation of tooth root bending strength.
Non-Metallic Inclusions
Published in German Deyev, Dmitriy Deyev, Surface Phenomena in Fusion Welding Processes, 2005
Non-metallic inclusions contained in the weld may have a substantial effect on mechanical properties of a welded joint. As non-metallic inclusions are stress-raisers, this effect should greatly depend upon the size, shape, and distribution of inclusions in the weld metal, as well as upon the binding forces at the inclusion–metal interface and relationship between elastic constants of the inclusions and matrix.
Metallurgical Defects in Cast Slabs and Hot Rolled Products
Published in Vladimir B. Ginzburg, Metallurgical Design of Flat Rolled Steels, 2020
Non-metallic inclusions - Non-metallic inclusions are the oxidized materials and sulphides in various combinations with each other. They are a result of oxidizing reactions which take place during refining process; they can also be associated with the erosion of ladle or other refractories.
Effect of reuse times on H13 powder properties processed by selective electron beam melting
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2023
Xin Yang, Chenhao Sun, Fenghui Wang, Yangkai Lai, Shifeng Liu, Yingkang Wei, Jungang Yang, Huiping Tang
Figure 4 shows that the virgin powder showed relatively low oxygen content, which was attributed to the fact that the PREP preparation process was in a high vacuum state, avoiding the pollution of the crucible. The oxygen and nitrogen contents increased by 101 and 157 ppm with reuse, respectively, and the growth rate slowed down. Compared with other elements in raw materials, H13 steel showed higher sensitivity to the change of oxygen content, because oxygen was easy to form non-metallic inclusions in the steel. The traditional view holds that non-metallic inclusions will reduce the strength and plasticity of steel. As more research results emerge, researchers have found that the uniform distribution of nano-oxides can be achieved by controlling the number, size and distribution of oxide inclusions in steel (for example by SEBM technology with instantaneous melting and rapid solidification characteristics), which helps to improve the performance of parts. Soundarapandiyan et al. [24] found that the yield strength and tensile strength of Ti6Al4V parts increased with the increase of powder oxygen content. Since the SEBM build process maintains high preheat and forming temperatures, the solid part and the powder surface form oxide and deepen the oxide layer thickness.
Corrosion behaviour of an industrial shot-peened and coated automotive spring steel AISI 9254
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2018
Mazher Ahmed Yar, Ying Wang, Xiaorong Zhou, Constantinos Soutis
All steels contain non-metallic inclusions to a greater or less extent depending upon impurity levels and quality maintained during the melting, secondary metallurgy and casting processes. Polished (un-etched) surface was investigated by optical and electron microscopy to analyse the non-metallic inclusions present in the material. Four types of inclusions were found, including: MnS inclusionsDuplex oxy-sulphide inclusionsOxides of Al, Mg (with or without Ca, Si)Carbides of V, Ti, Nb
Modelling of non-metallic inclusions in steel
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2020
Lifeng Zhang, Qiang Ren, Haojian Duan, Ying Ren, Wei Chen, Gong Cheng, Wen Yang, Seetharaman Sridhar
An important source of non-metallic inclusions in steel is the deoxidation process of steel. Single-phase inclusions are produced after deoxidation with one element, and complex inclusions are produced after deoxidation with multiple elements. Deoxidation thermodynamics of pure iron has been well studied. However, only Fe, O, and the deoxidiser element are considered in deoxidation thermodynamics of pure iron, and the interaction between other elements in steel are ignored. There is no doubt that the deoxidation thermodynamics of the pure molten iron is very different from that of the actual molten steel. Therefore, deoxidation thermodynamics of the pure molten iron can hardly accurately predict the deoxidation of the actual molten steel.