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Gear Materials
Published in Stephen P. Radzevich, Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, 2021
For a long while, malleable iron was the only type of cast iron available that would provide a useful degree of toughness or ductility. In malleable iron, the free graphite forms from white iron during annealing in clusters of tiny flakes. Malleable iron, as compared with gray iron, has ductility and better yield and elastic properties. Malleable iron has not been used widely for gears, however, because of its poor wear resistance and limitation to parts of relative light section size.
Properties and Uses
Published in Alan Cottrell, An Introduction to Metallurgy, 2019
The main use for white iron however is as the starting material for malleable cast irons, in which the cementite is eliminated by heat-treatment, after casting. These contain about 0.6 to 1.0% Si, to promote the decomposition of the cementite during the heat-treatment but not enough to produce graphite flakes during casting. Whiteheart malleable iron is made by heating the casting in an oxidizing environment (either an iron oxide packing or a controlled atmosphere) to decarburize the surface layers. Blackheart malleable iron is made by heating the casting in a neutral environment (iron silicate scale or slag) for many hours at about 900°C to decompose the cementite to rosette-shaped graphite nodules, which do not have the deleterious crack-like effect of graphite flakes. Blackheart iron is an important engineering material since it combines the casting and machining properties of grey iron, which enable intricate shapes to be made easily, with mechanical properties akin to those of structural steel, e.g. tensile strength 3.5 to 4.5 × 108 N m−2 with 5–20% elongation. It is widely used in agricultural and engineering machinery.
Design Properties of Materials
Published in Robert L. Mott, Joseph A. Untener, Applied Strength of Materials, Sixth Edition SI Units Version, 2017
Robert L. Mott, Joseph A. Untener
Malleable iron is used in automotive and truck parts, construction machinery, and electrical equipment. It does exhibit yielding, has tensile strengths comparable to ductile iron, and has ultimate compressive strengths that are somewhat higher than ductile iron. Generally, a five-digit number is used to designate malleable iron grades. For example, Grade 40010 has a yield strength of 40 ksi (276 MPa) and a percent elongation of 10%.
Experimental Characterization of Ancient Metal Tie-Rods in Historic Masonry Buildings
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Chiara Calderini, Paolo Piccardo, Rita Vecchiattini
The bloomery and shaft furnace by-product is mostly constituted of ferritic iron rich in slags, while from the blast furnace the by-product is pig iron (also containing slags but richer in C). The refining process consists in both cases into a combination of annealing at high temperature and hot-forging to remove slags, compact the iron and shape the wrought ingot. The annealing of the pig iron is carried out in excess of air in order to foster the carbon removal and to obtain malleable iron or poorly alloyed carbon steel.