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Introduction and Definitions
Published in Eugene I. Rivin, Stiffness and Damping in Mechanical Design, 1999
The kinematic coupling concept is used for providing statically determined connection between two mechanical components. The statically determined connection provides six restraints for six degrees of freedom of the component. Frequently, it is realized by using a three-grooves/three-balls connection (Fig. 8.12). Each ball has two contacts (one with each side of the respective groove). Although, theoretically, these contacts are points, actually they are contact areas,
Camera Network for Surveillance
Published in Maheshkumar H. Kolekar, Intelligent Video Surveillance Systems, 2018
By multi-camera cooperation sensing, the sensors in use not only react based on the sensed data, but also help each other by exchanging information among them. Coupling can be done between two cameras. The main types of coupling are geometric coupling and kinematic coupling. Cooperation between static and dynamic sensors is necessary to analyze low resolution events and even switch to higher resolution events.
The effect of fatigue on the ankle and knee kinematics and kinetics in moderately and highly trained healthy non-rearfoot runners
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2022
J. Urbaczka, J. F. Silvernail, D. Jandacka
A frequently reported biomechanical risk factor for running-related AT injury is greater foot eversion and the associated lowering of the internal longitudinal arch of the foot during the stance phase of running (Beck, 1998; Pratt, 1989). The increased plantar flexors tension may then be transferred through the soft tissues, which could increase the amount of force applied to the boney attachments of the tendons (Bouché & Johnson, 2007). Moreover, when running with a non-rearfoot footstrike pattern (NRFP), greater plantar flexor moments are produced, increasing the tension over the AT during the stance phase (Gruber et al., 2011; Pratt, 1989). The magnitude of this tension is considered to be a major factor determining the risk for overuse injury or even tendon rupture when tendon is exposed to many cycles of repetitive loading during running (Wren et al., 2003). Several studies have identified increased hip adduction and internal rotation as possible biomechanical parameters associated with increased foot eversion in all runners (Barton et al., 2012; Luz et al., 2018; Resende et al., 2015). These risk factors are primarily associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial syndrome and medial tibial stress syndrome (Ceyssens et al., 2019). However, due to kinematic coupling between the foot, knee and thigh, increased adduction and internal rotation of the hip may contribute to changes in foot kinematics (Barton et al., 2012; Luz et al., 2018; Resende et al., 2015) and, therefore, may be relevant to the development of AT injury.
Effect of hygrothermal ageing on the mechanical performance of CFRP/AL single-lap joints
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2022
Weidong Li, Xinyuan Shao, Lili Li, Guojun Zheng
The CFRP material was layered by ‘Composite Layup’ in the composite material property definition module. Mesh generation of the CFRP substrate was conducted via the sweeping method. The element for the AL substrate adopted an eight-node linear reduced integration hexahedron element (C3D8R), the element of the carbon fiber substrate adopted an eight-node continuum shell element (SC8R), and the adhesive layer element adopted an eight-node 3D cohesive element (COH3D8). The element divided on the AL and carbon fiber substrate measured 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3, whilst that in the adhesive layer measured 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.25 mm3. Load transfer between AL and CFRP was conducted through the adhesive layer; thus, the element of the adhesive layer was more refined than that of the substrates.[27] The end of the CFRP substrate was contrasted, and the adhesive layer, CFRP and AL substrates were bonded with a tie. Because the adhesive layer is softer than the substrates, the surface of the former was set as the salve surface in the tie-restraints definition, and the contact surfaces on the substrates were considered the master surfaces. The degrees of freedom at one end of the AL substrate were restrained through kinematic coupling, which was controlled by an established reference point. A displacement load was applied to the reference point along the direction of the tensile test to simulate the quasi-static tensile process.
Burst pressure of perforated-steel strip composite pipe
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2022
Qiang Q. Shao, Peng Cheng, Wen S. Liu, Wen X. Cai, Zhi P. Han, Yong Bai
Assuming the strain of the perforated-steel layer and the PE layer is continuous at the interface, and there is no relative sliding when they subjected to the internal pressure. Therefore, the perforated-steel layer can be directly inserted into the PE layer with the constraint of ‘Embedded region’ to make it a whole. In order to control the boundary conditions of the model conveniently, two reference point (RP-1 and RP-2) are set at the centre of the cross-section at both ends of the model. Kinematic coupling shown in Figure 17 is set up between all degrees of freedom of each layer in the cross-section with the reference point. The constraints on the end face are imposed at two reference points (RP-1 and RP-2). All degrees of freedom on RP-1 are constrained, and the torsional direction of RP-2 along z-axis is also constrained. The internal pressure load is applied by uniform radial distribution pressure on the inner surface of the inner PE layer, and the corresponding tension load is applied to the RP-2, as shown in Figure 17.