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Modelling of estuaries
Published in P. Novak, V. Guinot, A. Jeffrey, D.E. Reeve, Hydraulic Modelling – an Introduction, 2010
P. Novak, V. Guinot, A. Jeffrey, D.E. Reeve
Kelvin waves are gravity waves that are distorted by the earth’s rotation. They are an important form of wave for coasts and estuaries. Both the tides and surges that affect the coast are Kelvin-type waves, although they are caused by different forces. For the moment we consider here the simplest ‘free’ Kelvin wave (i.e. the means of wave generation is not included). We consider the linearized equations of depth-averaged flow, including the Coriolis terms but excluding external and internal stress terms. Furthermore, we consider a sea of constant undisturbed depth. The governing equations become: () ∂U∂t−fV=−gH∂η∂x∂V∂t+fU=−gH∂η∂y∂η∂t+H∂U∂x+H∂V∂y=0
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2018
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Pierre Brasseur, Katja Fennel, Samy Djavidnia, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Emmanuelle Autret, Lars Axell, Roland Aznar, Mario Benincasa, Abderahim Bentamy, Fredrik Boberg, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vittorio E. Brando, Clément Bricaud, Lars-Anders Breivik, Robert J.W. Brewin, Arthur Capet, Adrien Ceschin, Stefania Ciliberti, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta de Alfonso, Alvaro de Pascual Collar, Jos de Kloe, Julie Deshayes, Charles Desportes, Marie Drévillon, Yann Drillet, Riccardo Droghei, Clotilde Dubois, Owen Embury, Hélène Etienne, Claudia Fratianni, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Riccardo Gerin, Simon Good, Jérome Gourrion, Marilaure Grégoire, Eric Greiner, Stéphanie Guinehut, Elodie Gutknecht, Fabrice Hernandez, Olga Hernandez, Jacob Høyer, Laura Jackson, Simon Jandt, Simon Josey, Mélanie Juza, John Kennedy, Zoi Kokkini, Gerasimos Korres, Mariliis Kõuts, Priidik Lagemaa, Thomas Lavergne, Bernard le Cann, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Bruno Levier, Vidar Lien, Ilja Maljutenko, Fernando Manzano, Marta Marcos, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, Michael Mayer, Angelique Melet, Frédéric Mélin, Benoit Meyssignac, Maeva Monier, Malte Müller, Sandrine Mulet, Cristina Naranjo, Giulio Notarstefano, Aurélien Paulmier, Begoña Pérez Gomez, Irene Pérez Gonzalez, Elisaveta Peneva, Coralie Perruche, K. Andrew Peterson, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Silvia Pardo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Roshin P. Raj, Urmas Raudsepp, Michaelis Ravdas, Rebecca Reid, Marie-Hélène Rio, Stefano Salon, Annette Samuelsen, Michela Sammartino, Simone Sammartino, Anne Britt Sandø, Rosalia Santoleri, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Simona Simoncelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Ad Stoffelen, Andrea Storto, Tanguy Szerkely, Susanne Tamm, Steffen Tietsche, Jonathan Tinker, Joaquín Tintore, Ana Trindade, Daphne van Zanten, Luc Vandenbulcke, Anton Verhoef, Nathalie Verbrugge, Lena Viktorsson, Karina von Schuckmann, Sarah L. Wakelin, Anna Zacharioudaki, Hao Zuo
The 2016 record allows a comparison of the oceanic conditions in the tropical Pacific during the 2015–2016 period with regard to the 1997–1998 period. Figure 2.6.2 shows the 0–2000 m steric height anomaly for the two periods, and basin-wide variations clearly appear, dominated by a large-scale zonal seesaw centred on the dateline, with positive anomalies mostly observed in the central-eastern Pacific during 2015 (up to 25 cm at 130°W in November) and negative anomalies during 2016 (down to 10 cm in May). Even if these central-eastern Pacific characteristics are stronger than ENSO composites (Gasparin and Roemmich 2017), they remain significantly lower than that of the 1997/1998 event (Xue and Kumar 2017), which peaks at 35 cm at 110°W in November 1997 and −20 cm at 150°W in June 1998. These variations reflect upward and downward deflections of the thermocline, respectively associated with negative and positive steric height anomaly as shown below, and result from surface wind variations at interannual timescales (Gasparin and Roemmich 2017). Superimposed on these basin-wide variations, eastward propagating anomalies mark the presence of intraseasonal Kelvin waves, which have been identified as one of the key factors for the onset of El Niño (e.g. Kessler et al. 1995), but note that the monthly temperature estimates limit the representation of these timescales.