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Fundamental concepts
Published in W. John Rankin, Chemical Thermodynamics, 2019
In thermodynamics, a process is said to occur when a system changes from one state of equilibrium to another, for example, an ice cube in a glass (state 1) melting to form water in the glass (state 2) or a piece of zinc reacting with sulfuric acid to form hydrogen and zinc sulfate. Processes are classified according to the conditions under which they occur as follows: An isothermal process is one that occurs at constant temperature.An adiabatic process is one that occurs with no heat exchange with the surroundings.An isobaric process is one that occurs at constant pressure.An isochoric process is one that occurs at constant volume.
Fundamental Principles of Aerodynamics (Subsonic)
Published in Rose G. Davies, Aerodynamics Principles for Air Transport Pilots, 2020
If the volume/density of a gas system is kept constant in a thermal process, this process is called an isochoric, or isovolumetric process. In this process, pressure changes linearly with the absolute temperature. The mechanical bulbs used as thermometers in traditional aircraft are designed on the basis of the isochoric process: A certain amount of gas is sealed inside a Bourdon tube, whose volume is fixed; the pressure of the gas increases/decreases when the temperature of the gas increases/decreases. The pressure change can be detected by a Bourdon tube, and then signals of the pressure change can be converted to temperature change as output of a mechanical bulb, which was used in the design of early airplanes.
Exergetic port-Hamiltonian systems: modelling basics
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2021
Markus Lohmayer, Paul Kotyczka, Sigrid Leyendecker
We always use the word ‘energy’ in the thermodynamic sense. We use Latin letters for extensive quantities and lowercase Greek letters for intensive quantities. In particular, we use for internal energy, for entropy, for temperature, for volume, for pressure, for mass, and for chemical potential. Uppercase , , etc. denote corresponding potential functions. We use for total mass because is used for the dissipation operator in the GENERIC. A system is called closed if mass (of every type of atom) is constant. It is called isolated if no exchange of energy and mass is possible across its boundaries. A system or process is called isochoric/isothermal/isobaric if volume/temperature/pressure is constant.