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Rural water supply
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
The India Mk II hand pump, originally developed by UNICEF, and the Afridev pump, developed under the coordination of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) to meet similar criteria, are illustrated in Figure 5.12. Further information, including guidelines and manuals for manufacture, quality assurance, installation and maintenance for these and other pumps, is available from RWSN/Skat. A comprehensive guide to hand pump selection is given by Erpf (2009).
Engineering Sustainability and Impact
Published in Johan Meyer, Zach Simpson, Suné von Solms, Projects as Socio-Technical Systems in Engineering Education, 2018
The absence of electrical power further means that the village faces a challenge regarding sustainable supply of clean water. To address this, the local municipality installed a diesel pump to supply drinking water from a borehole; this water is stored in a 10,000 L water tank. The South African Department of Water Affairs provides the village with a supply of diesel, which the villagers utilised to run the pump once a week. Once the monthly diesel supply ran out, the villagers were responsible for collecting money to procure and collect the diesel needed to operate the pump. This meant that added financial strain was placed on the residents who are subsistence farmers whose incomes are supplemented by government grants. Most of the village’s residents are unemployed or lack the means to work due to factors such as age, lack of education or lack of transportation. The result of all these, therefore, was that water supply remained limited and unpredictable. An intermittent diesel supply led to a lack of a reliable supply of drinking water. While the village had access to a secondary borehole, fitted with a mechanical hand pump, this hand pump was broken and unserviceable and had been removed from the borehole.
Strategies for Exposure Monitoring and Instrumentation
Published in Frances Alston, Emily J. Millikin, Willie Piispanen, Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Frances Alston, Emily J. Millikin, Willie Piispanen
Gas diffusion detector tubes are easy to use when sampling for gases and vapors. They also offer a low-cost method when collecting a large number of samples. These tubes are accurate enough to provide an indication of the contaminant concentration in the workplace. A detector tube is a graduated glass tube filled with a chemical reagent that will produce a color change when exposed to the gas in question. It is used with a hand pump that will draw a sample into the tube.
An electrical- and chemical-free approach using microfilter and Ag-based catalysts for emergency drinking water treatment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Nguyen Thi Thuy, Ngo Ngoc Tho, Nguyen Xuan Hoan, Tran Tien Khoi, Dang Van Thanh, Nguyen Trung Thanh, Ho Duc Duy, Nguyen Nhat Huy
The results of the flux of permeate water generated from microfiltration units with a hand pump operated by male and female students were illustrated in Figure 2. Depending on the type of membrane unit (MF1 or MF2), the type of surface water, and the force applied on the hand pump, the flux generated was from 40 to 71 L h−1 m−2 for MF1 and 64–80 L h−1 m−2 for MF2, for natural surface water. The flux generated by the male students was higher (e.g. 13–22%) than those of female students due to the difference in hand force. For simulated flood water (with a turbidity of 450 NTU), the flux at the beginning of treatment was still in the range obtained from natural surface water. To save time and manpower during operation experiments of the MF units, a hand pump was replaced by an electrical pump with the flux kept corresponding to the fluxes obtained by the hand pump.
Evaluating WHO prescribed sanitary inspection templates for assessing contamination risks in tubewells with handpump – case of 9 Indian districts
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Mukul Kulshrestha, Nagendra Prasad Singh
The World Health Organization (WHO) has prescribed internationally applicable guidelines for carrying out the sanitary inspections by prescribing sanitary inspection forms.15 These forms are applicable to a variety of cases that include non-piped as well as piped water supplies. Thus, for non-piped supplies there are specific forms for open dug well; dug well with windlass and partial cover; covered dug well with hand-pump; rainwater collection and storage; tubewell with hand-pump; tanker trucks, filling stations, and household tanks, while for the piped supplies there are forms for deep borehole with mechanical pump; protected spring source; surface sources and abstraction; piped distribution; and water-treatment plant.Majority of these are forms and their usage enables a hazard score to be assigned to the particular water supply based on the total number of hazards found.15
The impacts of silica nanoparticles coupled with low-salinity water on wettability and interfacial tension: Experiments on a carbonate core
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Erfan Sadatshojaei, Mohammad Jamialahmadi, Feridun Esmaeilzadeh, David A. Wood, Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari
A captive drop instrument (Figure 4) was customized to measure IFTs. Although the instrument is equipped with a high-temperature cell, the tests performed in this study were conducted at 95 °C and 1 atm. The main components of this instrument are [1] air bath (by using oven), [2] imaging system including a high-resolution camera and a macro lens, [3] light source, [4] image monitoring system and [5] image recording (ArcSoft ShowBiz) and processing software (digimizer®). Either a hand pump or an electrical syringe pump is used as the pressurizer. A schematic of used captive drop instrument is shown in Figure 4.