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Cable Transmission Mediums
Published in Mário Marques da Silva, Cable and Wireless Networks, 2018
When the most important requirement is mechanical protection instead of capacity, then the preferable optical cable is the tight buffer. As can be seen from Figure 4.11, the level of mechanical protection is higher than that of the loose-tube. This is achieved by sacrificing the number of optical fibers available in a cable. The individual buffer and the individual mechanical and antihumidity protection give extra resistance, as compared to the loose-tube. Note that the buffer is commonly made of silicon.
Improving infrastructure resilience
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2019
David Elms, Ian McCahon, Rob Dewhirst
Finally, regarding recovery path, Figure 1(D) shows that the recovery curve could have many shapes. There might, for instance, be an initial delay before recovery could start. The figure also shows the effect of buffering, an important strategy for improving resilience. Both the initial impact and recovery path can be improved by introducing a buffer, which typically could be the availability of supplies for a community when their normal source is cut off. A reservoir could provide water while a water source or treatment plant is out of action. A buffer acts to both delay and reduce the immediate effect of an impact.
Collision characteristics of the intermediate coupler of a rail vehicle
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2022
Jingke Zhang, Tao Zhu, Bing Yang, Xiaorui Wang, Shoune Xiao, Guangwu Yang, Yanwen Liu
The coupler buffer is an elastic clay buffer that dampens the longitudinal impact during train operations and absorbs collision kinetic energy. As shown in Figure 2 (a), when establishing the finite element model of the elastic clay buffer, the buffer cylinder and piston rod were given shell elements and mat20 material. The mat 20 is a material model used in Ls-Dyna to describe multi-rigid bodies. Structures using this material in finite element models are usually not deformed. The buffer is a non-deformable structure during the collision. Thus, the buffer finite element model uses mat20.