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Physical Vapor Deposition Coating Process in Biomedical Applications
Published in Sarbjeet Kaushal, Ishbir Singh, Satnam Singh, Ankit Gupta, Sustainable Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2023
Sivaprakasam Palani, Elias G. Michael, Melaku Desta, Samson Mekbib Atnaw, Ravi Banoth, Suresh Kolanji
A thin-film is a thin layer of material with a thickness varying between a few nano-meters and a few micrometers. Characterizing the surface structure and physical properties of a new film is an important stage in developing commercial goods, and these attributes are closely tied to the deposition procedures. The deposition techniques are the most important and are usedby the surface coating technology to change the surface characteristics. The deposition process is regarded as a crucial component in the development of thin-film novel materials to address the growing demand from industries for multifunctional and multi-dynamic materials. Not all deposition techniques give similar properties like surface morphology, biocompatibility, tribological, hardness, optical, and corrosion (Ma et al. 2009). Generally, there are two commonly used methods of deposition techniques, physical and chemical depositions. Table 5.1 shows a comparison of various coating processes and their applications.
Fundamental Concepts
Published in Andrew Sarangan, Optical Thin Film Design, 2020
Thin film coatings are ubiquitous on all optical components such as lenses, mirrors, cameras, and windows. The design can be as simple as a single dielectric antireflection film, or very complex with several hundred layers of films for producing elaborate optical filtering effects. A typical design will consist of a number of layers deposited sequentially on a substrate as shown in Figure 1.1, on one side of the substrate or on both sides depending on the specific application. The number of layers will depend greatly on the substrate material, desired spectral features, and the availability of coating materials. While transparent dielectrics are the most widely used thin film materials, metals and semiconductors can also be used where additional features such as electrical conductivity and broadband reflectivity are desired.
Photonic Crystal Laser Diodes
Published in Joachim Piprek, Handbook of Optoelectronic Device Modeling and Simulation, 2017
Photonic crystals are periodic structures designed to affect electromagnetic waves in a similar manner to how solid-state crystals affect electrons. The simplest, one-dimensional form of a photonic crystal is a periodic multilayer film (Bragg mirror). Such films were already being studied 120 years ago, in 1887, by Rayleigh [1]. They continued to be the subject of intensive research, resulting in the development of thin-film optics: the science and technology of fabricating dielectric multilayer mirrors, filters, polarizers, antireflection coatings, and so on. However, it took a whole century before the technology was expanded into two and three dimensions by Yablonovitch [2] and John [3] in 1987. Since then, the term photonic crystal has become widely used and the subject is studied all over the world.
Effect of temperature and improving the optoelectrical attributes of copper gallium sulfide (CuGaS2) thin films
Published in Phase Transitions, 2023
Karthikeyan Vijayan, S. P. Vijayachamundeeswari
Thin film-based solar cells are considered attractive devices for the next generation of photovoltaic (PV) cells due to their high performance as a sustainable energy source. They are made by depositing a thin layer of semiconductor on a supporting material (substrates) such as glass, stainless steel, or polyimide [1]. Currently, much importance has been given to studying the deposition and characterization of semiconducting metal chalcogenide and chalcopyrite thin films because of their various optoelectronic properties and applications. Among the chalcogenides, I–III–VI2 chalcopyrite semiconductor materials show great potential in solar cell applications. Because of its wide bandgap of 2.49 eV, favorable electrochemical properties, and low cost, copper gallium sulfide thin films are a potential material in solar cell applications. CuGaS2 thin films can be prepared using a variety of techniques, including electrodeposition [2], evaporation [3], vacuum evaporation technique [4], co-deposition, electrophoretic deposition [5], spray pyrolysis [6], chemical vapor deposition [7], sputtering [8]. The spray pyrolysis method gave noticeable advantages such as low cost, easy processability, and the possibility of fabricating large-area films with satisfactory structural quality [1].
Molybdenum and its oxide-based coatings: a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Kamlesh V. Chauhan, Akshay L. Sonera, Divyeshkumar P. Dave, Hitesh Panchal
A thin film is a layer of material starting from fractions of a nanometre to several micrometres in thickness. A thin film is the general term used for coatings. This is used to change, modify and increase the functionality of a bulk surface or substrate. Molybdenum oxide thin films are promising materials for solid-state electrochemical devices such as electrochromic systems and micro-batteries, MoO3 had several applications as a gas sensor, as a passive display electrode and a catalyst (Ivanova, Surtchev, and Gesheva 2002). It is documented that Mo coating is one of the foremost wear-resistant coatings. Because of their exceptional wear-resistant properties Mo coating will be widely employed in different applications such as in automotive, aerospace, pulp and paper industries (Jin et al. 2007). The physical and chemical properties of Mo oxides (MoOx) are of significant interest, each from the technological and scientific points of view. Nowadays, the appliance of MoOx films is quite diverse, e.g. they are used in chromogenic devices, display panels and solar cells (Sook Oh et al. 2012).
Recent developments on green synthesised nanomaterials and their application in dye-sensitised solar cells
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Nitasha Chaudhari, Sanjay Darvekar, Paresh Nasikkar, Atul Kulkarni, Chandrakant Tagad
The TiO2 based DSSCs showed improved photovoltaics because there is an increased active surface area resulting in increased dye adsorption and thus the enhancement in the light-harvesting property. Secondly, there is a downward shift in the conduction band of TiO2, which results in the amplified electron injection and declines charge recombination (Sommeling et al. 2006). Numerous methods have been applied in surface treatments to improve all properties of metal oxide photoanodes. For thin film deposition of photoanodes, physical and chemical methods are available. Among various chemical methods, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) (Murakami et al. 2004), plasma-enhanced CVD (Li et al. 2016), sol-gel method (Lee, Chae, and Kang 2010), and atomic layer deposition (Park et al. 2010) are significantly used. While, physical thin film deposition methods include sputtering (Zatirostami 2020), pulsed laser deposition (PLD) (Lee et al. 2009), cathodic arc deposition (Aramwit et al. 2014), thermal evaporation (Yan et al. 2012), and others. Among these, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the most advanced method for surface treatment and is widely used today.