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Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles from Agricultural Waste
Published in Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites from Agricultural Waste, 2023
Nanoparticles obtained from different methods using agricultural wastes are usually characterised for chemical composition, functional groups, phase identification, morphological characteristics, microstructural properties, surface area, and size distribution. The characterisation techniques reported from previous works are energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dual polarisation interferometry (DPI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), particle size analyser (PSA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [24,28,37,55].
Extracellular vesicles released in response to respiratory exposures: implications for chronic disease
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Birke J. Benedikter, Emiel F. M. Wouters, Paul H. M. Savelkoul, Gernot G. U. Rohde, Frank R. M. Stassen
Due to their endosomal origin, exosomes (50–150 nm) are smaller than microvesicles (100–1000 nm). Further, exosomes are enriched in members of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT, e.g. Alix, TSG101) and in tetraspanins such as CD9, CD63, and CD81. As exosomes are generally smaller than the resolution limit of conventional optical techniques (light microscopy, flow cytometry scatter) (Van Der Pol et al. 2010), highly dedicated technology is required for their detection, including electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) (Sokolova et al. 2011), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) (Maas, De Vrij, and Broekman 2014), and fluorescence-triggered high-resolution flow cytometry (Nolte-’T Hoen et al. 2012). Alternatively, exosomes may be characterized by bulk analysis techniques, such as Western blotting or bead-based flow cytometry, a technique in which EV are linked to large beads and subsequently stained for exosome marker proteins (Suarez et al. 2017; Volgers et al. 2017). The most common method for isolation of exosomes is ultracentrifugation at 100,000 × g (Gardiner et al. 2016).