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Minerals of base metals
Published in Francis P. Gudyanga, Minerals in Africa, 2020
Monazite is a phosphate mineral that contains rare earth metals in four different groups determined by the composition of the REMs present: Monazite-(Ce), (Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO4Monazite-(La), (La, Ce, Nd)PO4Monazite-(Nd), (Nd, La, Ce)PO4Monazite-(Sm), (Sm, Gd, Ce, Th)PO4 Monazite which may contain some silica is an important source of thorium [585], lanthanum and cerium [586]. Monazite, often found in placer deposits, is radioactive due to the presence of thorium and uranium.
Unusual REE fractionation and occurrence of monazite-(La,Ce) in single monazite grains from a “Central” gold-quartz vein at Muruntau (Uzbekistan)
Published in Adam Piestrzyński, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, 2001
U. Kempe, T. Graupner, D. Wolf, A.A. Kremenetsky
Our study confirms the occurrence of monazite-(La, Ce) in the Au-quartz veins of the Muruntau deposit (Uzbekistan). The Th-poor monazite shows strong light REE fractionation within single grains or aggregates. Additionally to the finding of monazite-(La,Ce), areas with common monazite-(Ce) or with monazite showing negative Ce anomalies were detected in the grains investigated. The distribution of these areas is related to the patchy internal structure revealed by BSE imaging. It may be assumed that the features observed are related to brecciation processes leading to highly heterogeneous P-T conditions, admixing of surface water, and unusal REE fractionation during monazite formation or alteration.
Literature Review
Published in Habeeb Lateef Muttashar, Sustainable Construction Materials, 2019
These precious minerals include ilmenite (FeO.TiO2), rutile (TiO2), monazite ([Ce,La,Y,Th]PO4), garnet, sillimanite (Al2O3.SiO2), and zircon (ZrO2.SiO2). These resources of placer minerals in India were estimated (in millions of tons, MT) as follows: 348 MT of ilmenite, 107 MT of garnet, 21 MT of zircon, 18 MT of rutile, and 130 MT of sillimanite. Rajamanickam (2004) acknowledged that the estimated total global reserve of placer minerals is about 1775 MT, where India alone has 278 MT of ilmenite, 13 MT of rutile, 18 MT of zircon, 7 MT of monazite, 86 MT of garnet, and 84 MT of sillimanite.
Decomposition of monazite concentrate in sulphuric acid
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2018
Loren Berry, Vivek Agarwal, Jennifer Galvin, M. Sadegh Safarzadeh
Monazite ((Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO4) is a rare earth phosphate and is the second most common mineral used as a rare earth source. Monazite sands are found in many countries, making it a very attractive source of rare earth elements (REEs). Monazite is similar to bastnäsite (Ce, La, Nd(CO3)F), a fluorocarbonate mineral, in that it is primarily a source of light REEs. However, it has a higher concentration of neodymium and the heavy REEs as compared to bastnäsite [1]. Monazite is a very dense mineral (specific gravity ∼5.3) and, due to its high specific gravity, it tends to collect in placer sands because of natural sorting by gravity. Monazite sands are mainly products of weathering of exposed igneous rocks in which they originally formed. Monazite-bearing placers, in association with other heavy minerals such as limonite, zircon, and rutile, have been identified in many beach and dune sand deposits throughout the world [2,3]. These mineral co-products are the main economic driving forces behind the mineral exploitation, thus, it can be developed quickly and inexpensively. Monazite's simple mineralogy allows for rapid development of existing resources. It is easily concentrated from the typical 1% concentration in sand to ∼85% concentration by gravity and magnetic separation techniques [4]. Furthermore, being a byproduct of current mining operations, monazite may represent a significant near-term REE supply.
A comparative study of the solvent extraction of lanthanum(III) from different acid solutions
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2021
V. Agarwal, M.S. Safarzadeh, J. Galvin
Lanthanum plays an important role in nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries used in hybrid vehicles and is also used in oil refining as a catalyst in petroleum cracking. Lanthanum oxide is used in high-quality camera and telescope lenses, as an additive in steels and nodular cast irons, and as a component in mischmetal used in lighter flints (Corbett and Simon 1983). Lanthanum is not found as a free element in nature. Its major sources are the minerals monazite ((Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO4) and bastnäsite ((Ce, La, Y)CO3F), which are also major sources of other rare earth elements (REEs) including neodymium and cerium. Lanthanum oxide makes up ∼32.0 wt.% of the total rare earth oxide content of bastnäsite in California (Xie et al. 2014).